Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

more precious than gold

1 aurum

aurum (Sab. ausum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 9 Müll.; vulg. Lat., ōrum, ib. p. 183; cf. Ital. and Span. oro and Fr. or), i, n. [v. aes].
I.
Gold; as a mineral, v. Plin. 33, 4, 21, § 66 sqq.:
auri venas invenire,
Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 151:
venas auri sequi,
Lucr. 6, 808; Tac. G. 5:
aurum igni perspicere,
Cic. Fam. 9, 16:
eruere terrā,
Ov. Am. 3, 8, 53:
auri fodina,
Plin. 33, 4, 21, § 78; Vulg. Gen. 2, 11; ib. 2 Par. 2, 7; ib. Matt. 2, 11; Naev. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 2, 797:
ex auro vestis,
id. 2, 22 (ap. Isid. Orig. 19, 22, 20) et saep.—
Provv.: montes auri polliceri,
to promise mountains of gold, Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 18:
carius auro,
more precious than gold, Cat. 107, 3 (cf.: kreissona chrusou, Aesch. Choëph. 372; chrusou chrusotera, Sapph. Fr. 122. Ellis).—
II.
Meton.
A.
Things made of gold, an ornament of gold, a golden vessel, utensil, etc.:
Nec domus argento fulget nec auro renidet,
gold plate, Lucr. 2, 27. So,
1.
A golden goblet:
et pleno se proluit auro,
Verg. A. 1, 739:
Regales epulae mensis et Bacchus in auro Ponitur,
Ov. M. 6, 488:
tibi non committitur aurum,
Juv. 5, 39; 10, 27; Stat. Th. 5, 188;
and in the hendiadys: pateris libamus et auro = pateris aureis,
Verg. G. 2, 192.—
2.
A golden chain, buckle, clasp, necklace, jewelry:
Oneratas veste atque auro,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 43:
Donec eum conjunx fatale poposcerit aurum,
Ov. M. 9, 411; 14, 394.—
3.
A gold ring:
Ventilet aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum,
Juv. 1, 28.—
4.
A golden bit:
fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum,
Verg. A. 7, 279; 5, 817.—
5.
The golden fleece:
auro Heros Aesonius potitur,
Ov. M. 7, 155.—
6.
A golden hairband, krôbulos:
crines nodantur in aurum,
Verg. A. 4, 138 Serv.—
7.
Esp. freq., gold as coined money:
si quis illam invenerit Aulam onustam auri,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 2, 4:
De Caelio vide, quaeso, ne quae lacuna sit in auro,
Cic. Att. 12, 6, 1:
Aurum omnes victā jam pietate colunt,
Prop. 4, 12, 48 sq.:
quid non mortalia pectora cogis Auri sacra fames?
Verg. A. 3, 56; cf. Plin. 37, 1, 3, § 6; so Hor. C. 2, 16, 8; 2, 18, 36; 3, 16, 9; id. S. 2, 2, 25; 2, 3, 109; 2, 3, 142; id. Ep. 2, 2, 179; Vulg. Matt. 10, 9; ib. Act. 3, 6 et saep.—
B.
The color or lustre of gold, the gleam or brightness of gold, Ov. M. 9, 689:
anguis cristis praesignis et auro (hendiadys, for cristis aureis),
id. ib. 3, 32:
saevo cum nox accenditur auro,
Val. Fl. 5, 369 (i. e. mala portendente splendore, Wagn.); so,
fulgor auri, of the face,
Cat. 64, 100, ubi v. Ellis.—
C.
The Golden Age:
redeant in aurum Tempora priscum,
Hor. C. 4, 2, 39:
subiit argentea proles, Auro deterior,
Ov. M. 1, 115; 15, 260.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > aurum
2 χαλκολίβανον

χαλκολίβανον, ου, τό (χαλκός, λείβω ‘pour’; as a neut. in Suidas, Oecumenius) or χαλκολίβανος, ου, ὁ (so the Coptic version and Ausonius [in Salmasius, Exerc. ad Solin. p. 810a], perh. even fem.: FRehkopf, JJeremias Festschr. ’70, 216; B-D-R §49, 1; 115, 1) an exceptionally fine type of metal or alloy. Since the word is found nowhere independent of Rv, the exact nature of this metal or alloy remains unknown. One must be content Rv 1:15; 2:18 with some such rendering as fine brass/bronze (perh. it is someth. like ‘electrum’. Suda defines it s.v. χαλκολίβ.: εἶδος ἠλέκτρου τιμιώτερον χρυσοῦ. ἔστι δὲ τὸ ἤλεκτρον ἀλλότυπον χρυσίον μεμιγμένον ὑελῷ καὶ λιθείᾳ ‘a kind of electrum, more precious than gold. Now, electrum is an alternate form of gold, composed of a crystalline substance and fine stone’ [on ἤλεκτρον cp. Ezk 1:27 and Pliny, NH 33, 4 where ἤλ. is a natural alloy of gold and silver]. S. also Jos., Ant. 7, 106: χαλκός, ὸ̔ν τοῦ χρυσοῦ κρείττονʼ ἔλεγον=the metal which is claimed to be superior to gold). The Old Latin versions transl. the word ‘aurichalcum’ or ‘orichalcum’ (cp. Vergil, Aen. 12, 87 and Servius’ observation on it). The Syrian version and Arethas consider it to be a metal fr. Lebanon (=Libanon in Gk., Lat., et al.).—S. esp. CHemer, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting ’86, 111–17: ‘copper-zinc’. Also PDiergart, Philol 64, 1905, 150–53.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > χαλκολίβανον
3 δόκιμος

δόκιμος, ον (s. four prec. entries; Pre-Socr., Hdt.+; superlative: Tat. 1, 1; 38, 1) CArbenz, Die Adj. auf-ιμος, diss. Zürich ’33, 38ff; Schwyzer I 494f.

① pert. to being genuine on the basis of testing, approved (by test), tried and true, genuine (Alcaeus 6, 12 L-P [119 + 120 + 122 Diehl] of a man: νῦν τις ἀνὴρ δόκιμος γενέσθω; TestJos 2:7) Js 1:12; 2 Cor 10:18; 13:7; 2 Ti 2:15. δ. τραπεζῖται approved money changers (who put genuine money or legal tender [cp. Epict. 1, 7, 6 δραχμὰς δοκίμους κ. ἀδοκίμους; Socrat., Ep. 6, 12] in circulation) Agr 11. ὁ δ. ἐν Χριστῷ the approved one in Christ= the tried and true Christian Ro 16:10; οἱ δ. 1 Cor 11:19.

② pert. to being considered worthy of high regard, respected, esteemed (Hdt., al.; Philo, Op. M. 128, De Jos. 201; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 18) δ. τοῖς ἀνθρώποις among people (in contrast to God) Ro 14:18.

③ pert. to being valuable, precious comp. of Polycarp’s bones more precious than gold (cp. 1 Pt 1:7 v.l.) MPol 18:2.—DELG s.v. δοκάω etc. III p. 291. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > δόκιμος
4 πολύτιμος

πολύτιμος, ον (cp. τιμάω; Cornutus 16 p. 21, 16; Plut., Pomp. 621 [5, 2]; Alciphron 3, 10, 4; Herodian 1, 17, 3; POxy 1121, 20 [II A.D.]; PHerm 9, 7; TestSol 22:16 P; TestAbr; JosAs 7:4; 3:9 cod. A; Jos., Ant. 7, 161; Tat. 30, 1 [comp.]) pert. to being very high on a monetary scale, very precious, valuable of a pearl Mt 13:46. Of an ointment 26:7 v.l.; J 12:3. Comp. τὸ δοκίμιον τῆς πίστεως πολυτιμότερον χρυσίου the genuineness (δοκίμιον 2) of (your) faith which is more precious than gold 1 Pt 1:7.—DELG s.v. τιμή. M-M.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > πολύτιμος
5 meno

1. adv less

superlativo least

mathematics minus

il meno possibile as little as possible

di meno at least

a meno che unless

per lo meno at least

sono le sei meno un quarto it's a quarter to six

sempre meno less and less

fare a meno di qualcosa do without something

venir meno a qualcuno forze desert someone

venir meno alla parola data not keep one's word

2. prep except

* * *

meno avv.compar.

1 (in minor quantità o grado) less; not so... (as); not as... (as): dovresti lavorare (di) meno e riposare di più, you should work less and rest more; il viaggio di ritorno mi è sembrato meno lungo, the journey back didn't seem so long (to me); quest'anno ha piovuto (di) meno, it hasn't rained so much this year; non per questo è meno intelligente, he is no less intelligent for that // più o meno, poco più poco meno, more or less // chi più chi meno, more or less (o some more some less): tutti hanno contribuito, chi più chi meno, al buon esito dell'iniziativa, everyone more or less contributed to the success of the venture (o everyone contributed to the success of the venture, some more some less) // né più né meno, just, exactly: gli ho detto né più né meno come la pensavo, I told him just (o exactly) how I felt about it; le cose sono andate né più né meno così, that's exactly what happened

2 (nel compar. di minoranza) less... (than); not so... (as), not as... (as): l'argento è meno prezioso dell'oro, silver is less precious than gold (o silver isn't as precious as gold); lui non è meno studioso di te, he studies just as much as you do (o he studies no less than you do); oggi è meno freddo di ieri, it isn't as cold today as it was yesterday (form. it is less cold than yesterday); il traffico era meno intenso del solito, the traffic wasn't as heavy as usual (o was less heavy than usual); è andata meno bene del previsto, it didn't go as well as expected

3 (correl.) (quanto) meno... (tanto) meno: the less... the less: meno si lavora, meno si lavorerebbe, the less you work, the less you feel like working; meno studi, meno impari, the less you study, the less you learn

4 (nel superl. di minoranza) the least; (fra due) the less: tra tutte le conferenze, questa è stata la meno interessante, of all the lectures, this was the least interesting; la meno preparata delle due squadre, the less fit of the (two) teams; ho intenzione di scegliere la macchina che costa meno, I'm going to choose the car that costs the least (o the cheapest car); cerca di affaticarti il meno possibile, try to tire yourself as little as possible

5 (con valore di no) not: fammi sapere se verrai o meno, let me know whether or not you're coming; mi domando se valga la pena o meno di accettare, I wonder whether or not it's worth accepting; mi hanno accreditato mille euro, meno le spese bancarie, my account was credited with one thousand euros, minus bank charges

6 (mat.) minus: sette meno tre è uguale a quattro, seven minus three is four (o three from seven leaves four) // la temperatura è meno due, the temperature is two degrees below zero // ci sono cinque euro in meno, di meno, (mancano cinque euro) there's five euros missing; ho speso dieci euro in meno, I spent ten euros less; uno di meno!, one less!; non eravamo in meno di otto, there were no less than eight of us // se avessi vent'anni di meno!, if only I were twenty years younger! // sono le otto meno cinque, it's five to eight

◆ prep. (tranne) but, except: c'erano tutti meno loro, everyone was there except (o but) them; il museo è aperto tutti i giorni meno il lunedì, the museum is open every day but (o except) Monday; ho pensato a tutto meno che a fare i biglietti, I saw to everything except the tickets.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: tanto meno, ancora meno, even less: non ho accettato finora, tanto meno accetterei adesso, I haven't accepted so far, and now I've got even less reason to accept // meno che mai, men che meno, let alone: non sa parlare l'italiano, meno che mai l'inglese, he can't even speak Italian, let alone English // quanto meno, (perlomeno) at least: avresti potuto quanto meno farmi una telefonata, you could at least have phoned me // fare a meno di qlcu., di (fare) qlco., to do without s.o., (doing) sthg.: non potrei fare a meno di lui, I couldn't do without him; non potei fare a meno di ridere, I couldn't help laughing // venire meno, (venire a mancare) to fail; (svenire) to faint; mi venne meno il coraggio, my courage failed me; a quella notizia, mi sentii venire meno, I felt as if I was going to faint when I heard the news // venire meno alla parola data, to break one's word // essere da meno (di qlcu.), to be less than s.o. // senza meno, (region.) certainly, for sure: le telefonerò domani senza meno, I'll phone her tomorrow for sure; a meno che, a meno di, unless: lo spettacolo si terrà all'aperto, a meno che non piova, the performance will take place outdoors, unless it rains; non farei mai una cosa simile, a meno di non esservi costretto, I would never do such a thing, unless I was forced to // niente meno → nientedimeno // per lo meno → perlomeno.

meno agg.compar.invar. less; not so much, not as much; (con s. pl.) fewer; not so many, not as many: c'è meno traffico sulle strade rispetto a ieri, there's less traffic on the roads than yesterday (o there isn't as much traffic on the roads as yesterday); oggi c'è meno gente in giro, there are fewer people (o there aren't so many people) about today; se prendi l'autostrada impiegherai meno tempo, it will take you less time (o it won't take you so long) if you use the motorway; c'erano meno italiani e più stranieri, there were fewer Italians and more foreigners; ha meno amici che nemici, he has fewer friends than enemies; loro hanno meno preoccupazioni di noi, they have fewer worries than we have (o they haven't so many worries as we have); questa volta hai fatto meno errori, this time you made fewer mistakes (o you didn't make so many mistakes) // meno storie!, stop making a fuss! // meno male, thank goodness; just as well; it's a good job (o a good thing); not so bad: meno male che non si è fatto niente, thank goodness he wasn't hurt; meno male che siete arrivati in tempo, it's a good job you arrived in time; meno male, poteva andar peggio!, not so bad, things could have been worse!

◆ s.m.

1 (con valore di compar.) less, not as much: ho fatto meno di quanto avrei voluto, I did less than (o I didn't do as much as) I would have liked; ha mangiato meno del solito, he ate less than usual (o he didn't eat as much as usual); meno di così non si poteva dare, you couldn't give less than that; si accontenterebbe di molto meno, he would be satisfied with much less; oggi ho dovuto aspettare molto meno, today I didn't have nearly so long to wait (o I had much less to wait); ci vorranno non meno di tre ore per arrivare, it will take no less than three hours to get there; finirò il lavoro in meno di un mese, I shall finish the job in less than a month; arriverà tra non meno di due settimane, he won't be here for a fortnight // a meno, per meno, (a minor prezzo) for less (o cheaper): vendere, acquistare per meno, to sell, to purchase for less // in men che non si dica, in less than no time

2 (con valore di superl.) the least; as little as: questo è il meno che tu possa fare, that's the least you can do; era il meno che gli potesse capitare, it was the least that could happen to him; vorrei spendere il meno possibile, I'd like to spend as little as possible // parlare del più e del meno, to talk of this and that // quando meno ci si pensa..., when you least expect...

3 (mat.) minus: il segno del meno, the minus sign

4 pl.: i meno, (la minoranza) the minority; i deputati che votarono a favore della proposta di legge erano i meno, the MP s who voted in favour of the bill were in the minority.

* * *
['meno]
1. avv

1) less

meno caro — less expensive, cheaper

è meno alto di suo fratello/di quel che pensavo — he is not as tall as his brother/as I thought, he is less tall than his brother/than I thought

ha due anni meno di me — he's two years younger than me

dovresti mangiare meno — you should eat less, you shouldn't eat so much

meno ne discutiamo, meglio è — the less we talk about it, the better

deve avere non meno di trent'anni — he must be at least thirty

meno fumo più mangio — the less I smoke the more I eat

andare all'università diventa sempre meno facile — it's getting less and less easy to go to university

ho speso (di) meno — I spent less

arrivo tra meno di un'ora — I'll be there in less than o in under an hour

2) (con senso superlativo) least

è il meno dotato dei miei studenti — he's the least gifted of my pupils

è quello che leggo meno spesso — it's the one I read least often

3) (sottrazione) Mat minus, less

5 meno 2 — 5 minus 2, 5 take away 2

sono le otto meno un quarto — it's a quarter to eight Brit o of eight Am

mi hai dato due carte di meno — you gave me two cards too few

eh, se avessi dieci anni di meno! — oh, if only I were ten years younger!

ho una sterlina in meno — I am one pound short

ci sono meno 25° — it's minus 25°, it is 25° below (zero)

ha preso sette meno — he got (a) B minus

4)

(fraseologia) non è da meno di lui — she is (every bit) as good as he is

non voglio essere da meno di lui — I don't want to be outdone by him

fare a meno di — to do o manage without

se non c'è zucchero ne faremo a meno — if there isn't any sugar we'll do without

potresti fare a meno di fumare in macchina? — would you mind not smoking in the car?

non ho potuto fare a meno di ridere — I couldn't help laughing

in men che non si dica — in less than no time, quick as a flash

meno male! — good!, thank goodness!, just as well!

meno male che sei arrivato — it's a good job that you have come

men che meno gli inglesi — least of all the English

fammi sapere se verrai o meno — let me know if you are coming or not

quanto meno poteva avvertire — he could at least have let us know

non mi piace come scrive e tanto meno come parla — I don't like the way he writes let alone the way he talks

2. agg inv

(acqua, lavoro, soldi) less, (persone, libri, errori) fewer

meno bambini ci sono, meglio è — the fewer children there are the better

meno storie! — stop messing around!

meno tempo — less time

meno turisti — fewer tourists

3. sm inv

1)

(la minor cosa) il meno — the least

era il meno che ti potesse capitare — (rimprovero) you were asking for it

parlare del più e del meno — to talk about this and that

per lo meno — perlomeno

i meno — (la minoranza) the minority

2) Mat minus (sign)

4. prep

(fuorché, eccetto che) except (for)

a meno che non faccia caldo — unless it is hot

a meno di prendere un giorno di ferie — unless I (o you ecc) take a day off

ci siamo tutti meno lui — we are all here except (for) him

tutti meno uno — all but one

* * *
['meno] 1.
avverbio

1) (in un comparativo di minoranza) less

un po' meno — a little less

è meno alto di Tim — he is not as tall as Tim

è meno complicato di quanto pensi — it's less complicated than you think

2) (con un avverbio) less

meno spesso — less often

meno del solito — less than usual

canta meno bene di prima — she doesn't sing as well as she used to

3) (con un verbo) less

l'argento costa meno dell'oro — silver costs less than gold

costa meno prendere il treno — it works out cheaper to take the train

dovresti lavorare (di) meno — you should work less

guadagno meno di lei — I earn less than she does, I don't earn as much as she does

meno se ne parla, meglio è — the less said about that, the better

meno esco, meno ho voglia di uscire — the less I go out, the less I feel like going out

è lui quello che lavora meno di tutti — he's the one who works the least of all

4) (con un numerale) less

meno di 50 — less than 50

meno di due ore — under o less than two hours

un po' meno di 15 cm — just under 15 cm

i bambini con meno di sei anni — children under six

non troverai niente a meno di 200 euro — you won't find anything for less than o for under 200 euros

5) (in un superlativo relativo)

(il) meno, (la) meno, (i) meno, (le) meno — the least

le famiglie meno ricche — the least wealthy families

era la meno soddisfatta di tutti — she was the least satisfied of all

è quello pagato meno bene fra i due — he's the least well-paid of the two

quello mi piace meno di tutti — I like that one (the) least

sono quelli che ne hanno meno bisogno — they are the ones who need it (the) least

proprio quando meno me l'aspettavo — just when I least expected it

6) (in correlazione con "più")

né più, né meno — neither more, nor less

centimetro più, centimetro meno — give or take an inch (or two)

né più né meno che — nothing less than

7) (con valore di negazione) not

che lo voglia o meno — whether he's willing or not

non ha deciso se firmare o meno — he hasn't decided whether to sign (or not)

8) da meno

è un gran bugiardo e suo fratello non è da meno — he's a liar and his brother isn't any better

ho fatto una torta anche io per non essere da meno — I made a cake as well, just to keep up

9) di meno, in meno

se avessi 20 anni di meno! — I wish I were 20 years younger!

ho preso 30 euro in meno di stipendio — my wages are 30 euros short

10) a meno di short of

11) a meno che unless

12) sempre meno less and less

13) meno male thank goodness

meno male che — it's a good thing that

meno male che è impermeabile! — it's just as well it's waterproof!

meno male che ci sono andato! — it was lucky for me that I went!

14) quanto meno, per lo meno at least

15) tanto meno

non l'ho mai visto, tanto meno gli ho parlato — I've never seen him, much less spoken to him

era troppo malata per stare in piedi, tanto meno per camminare — she was too ill to stand let alone walk

16) più o meno more or less, about, roughly, round about

più o meno alto come te — about your height

è successo più o meno qui — it happened round about here

"ti è piaciuto il film?" - "più o meno" — "did you enjoy the film?" - "sort of"

più o meno nello stesso modo — in much the same way

la canzone fa più o meno così — the song goes something like this
2.
aggettivo invariabile

1) (in un comparativo di minoranza) less, fewer

ho meno libri di te — I have fewer books than you

ho meno caldo adesso — I feel cooler now

ci è voluto meno tempo di quanto pensassimo — it took less time than we expected

2) (con valore pronominale) less, fewer

non meno di — no fewer than

ne ho meno di te — I have less than you

ha venduto meno di tutti — he sold the fewest
3.
preposizione

1) (in una sottrazione) from, minus

quanto fa 20 meno 8? — what is 20 minus 8?

20 meno 5 fa 15 — 5 from 20 leaves 15, 20 minus 5 is 15, 20 take away 5 is 15

2) (tranne, eccetto) but, besides, except

3) (per indicare l'ora)

le sei meno dieci — ten to six

4) (per indicare una temperatura)

meno 10 — minus 10
4.
sostantivo maschile invariabile

1) (la cosa, quantità minore) least

questo è il meno — that's the least of it

fare il meno possibile — to do as little as possible

2) mat. minus (sign)

••

parlare del più e del meno — to talk about this and that, to shoot the breeze AE

in men che non si dica — before you could say knife, in the bat o wink of an eye, in (less than) no time

fare a meno di — to manage o do without, to dispense with [auto, servizi]

non posso farne a meno — I can't help it
••
Note:

Meno è usato principalmente come avverbio e come aggettivo, anche con valore pronominale. - Come avverbio, si rende con less quando introduce un comparativo di minoranza e con (the) least quando introduce un superlativo di minoranza: less è seguito da than, the least è seguito da of oppure in (se ci si riferisce a un luogo o un gruppo). Gli esempi nella voce mostrano anche che il comparativo di minoranza è spesso sostituito in inglese dalla variante negativa di un comparativo di uguaglianza: ho meno esperienza di te = I have less experience than you, oppure: I don't have as much experience as you; la mia stanza è meno grande della tua = my bedroom isn't as big as yours. - Come aggettivo, in inglese standard meno si traduce con less davanti e al posto di sostantivi non numerabili ( meno denaro = less money; ne ho meno di ieri = I have less than yesterday), mentre davanti e al posto di sostantivi plurali si usa fewer con valore comparativo ( meno studenti = fewer students; non meno di = no fewer than) e (the) fewest con valore superlativo ( ho fatto meno errori di tutti = I made the fewest mistakes; ne ha dati meno di tutti = he gave the fewest); tuttavia, nel linguaggio parlato less tende a sostituire fewer anche con riferimento plurale: meno persone = less people. - Per altri esempi e per l'uso di meno come preposizione e sostantivo, si veda la voce qui sotto

* * *

meno

/'meno/

Meno è usato principalmente come avverbio e come aggettivo, anche con valore pronominale. - Come avverbio, si rende con less quando introduce un comparativo di minoranza e con (the) least quando introduce un superlativo di minoranza: less è seguito da than, the least è seguito da of oppure in (se ci si riferisce a un luogo o un gruppo). Gli esempi nella voce mostrano anche che il comparativo di minoranza è spesso sostituito in inglese dalla variante negativa di un comparativo di uguaglianza: ho meno esperienza di te = I have less experience than you, oppure: I don't have as much experience as you; la mia stanza è meno grande della tua = my bedroom isn't as big as yours. - Come aggettivo, in inglese standard meno si traduce con less davanti e al posto di sostantivi non numerabili ( meno denaro = less money; ne ho meno di ieri = I have less than yesterday), mentre davanti e al posto di sostantivi plurali si usa fewer con valore comparativo ( meno studenti = fewer students; non meno di = no fewer than) e (the) fewest con valore superlativo ( ho fatto meno errori di tutti = I made the fewest mistakes; ne ha dati meno di tutti = he gave the fewest); tuttavia, nel linguaggio parlato less tende a sostituire fewer anche con riferimento plurale: meno persone = less people. - Per altri esempi e per l'uso di meno come preposizione e sostantivo, si veda la voce qui sotto.

I avverbio

1 (in un comparativo di minoranza) less; un po' meno a little less; è meno alto di Tim he is not as tall as Tim; è meno complicato di quanto pensi it's less complicated than you think

2 (con un avverbio) less; meno spesso less often; meno del solito less than usual; canta meno bene di prima she doesn't sing as well as she used to

3 (con un verbo) less; l'argento costa meno dell'oro silver costs less than gold; costa meno prendere il treno it works out cheaper to take the train; dovresti lavorare (di) meno you should work less; guadagno meno di lei I earn less than she does, I don't earn as much as she does; meno se ne parla, meglio è the less said about that, the better; meno esco, meno ho voglia di uscire the less I go out, the less I feel like going out; è lui quello che lavora meno di tutti he's the one who works the least of all

4 (con un numerale) less; meno di 50 less than 50; meno di due ore under o less than two hours; un po' meno di 15 cm just under 15 cm; i bambini con meno di sei anni children under six; non troverai niente a meno di 200 euro you won't find anything for less than o for under 200 euros

5 (in un superlativo relativo) (il) meno, (la) meno, (i) meno, (le) meno the least; le famiglie meno ricche the least wealthy families; era la meno soddisfatta di tutti she was the least satisfied of all; è quello pagato meno bene fra i due he's the least well-paid of the two; quello mi piace meno di tutti I like that one (the) least; sono quelli che ne hanno meno bisogno they are the ones who need it (the) least; proprio quando meno me l'aspettavo just when I least expected it

6 (in correlazione con "più") né più, né meno neither more, nor less; centimetro più, centimetro meno give or take an inch (or two); né più né meno che nothing less than

7 (con valore di negazione) not; che lo voglia o meno whether he's willing or not; non ha deciso se firmare o meno he hasn't decided whether to sign (or not)

8 da meno è un gran bugiardo e suo fratello non è da meno he's a liar and his brother isn't any better; ho fatto una torta anche io per non essere da meno I made a cake as well, just to keep up

9 di meno, in meno se avessi 20 anni di meno! I wish I were 20 years younger! ho preso 30 euro in meno di stipendio my wages are 30 euros short

10 a meno di short of

11 a meno che unless

12 sempre meno less and less

13 meno male thank goodness; meno male che it's a good thing that; meno male che è impermeabile! it's just as well it's waterproof! meno male che ci sono andato! it was lucky for me that I went!

14 quanto meno, per lo meno at least

15 tanto meno non l'ho mai visto, tanto meno gli ho parlato I've never seen him, much less spoken to him; era troppo malata per stare in piedi, tanto meno per camminare she was too ill to stand let alone walk

16 più o meno more or less, about, roughly, round about; più o meno alto come te about your height; è successo più o meno qui it happened round about here; "ti è piaciuto il film?" - "più o meno" "did you enjoy the film?" - "sort of"; più o meno nello stesso modo in much the same way; la canzone fa più o meno così the song goes something like this

II aggettivo invariabile

1 (in un comparativo di minoranza) less, fewer; ho meno libri di te I have fewer books than you; ho meno caldo adesso I feel cooler now; ci è voluto meno tempo di quanto pensassimo it took less time than we expected

2 (con valore pronominale) less, fewer; non meno di no fewer than; ne ho meno di te I have less than you; ha venduto meno di tutti he sold the fewest

III preposizione

1 (in una sottrazione) from, minus; quanto fa 20 meno 8? what is 20 minus 8? 20 meno 5 fa 15 5 from 20 leaves 15, 20 minus 5 is 15, 20 take away 5 is 15

2 (tranne, eccetto) but, besides, except

3 (per indicare l'ora) le sei meno dieci ten to six

4 (per indicare una temperatura) meno 10 minus 10

IV m.inv.

1 (la cosa, quantità minore) least; questo è il meno that's the least of it; fare il meno possibile to do as little as possible

2 mat. minus (sign)

IDIOMS

parlare del più e del meno to talk about this and that, to shoot the breeze AE; in men che non si dica before you could say knife, in the bat o wink of an eye, in (less than) no time; fare a meno di to manage o do without, to dispense with [auto, servizi]; non posso farne a meno I can't help it.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > meno
6 aurum

aurum ī, n [AVS-], gold: auri pondus: auri venae: carior auro, more precious than, Ct. — Prov.: montīs auri polliceri, T. — The color of gold, golden lustre, brightness: spicae nitidum, O.: anguis cristis praesignis et auro, O.— The Golden Age: redeant in aurum tempora priscum, H.: argentea proles, Auro deterior, O. — An ornament, implement, or vessel of gold: plenum, a golden goblet, V.: ancillae oneratae auro, golden jewellery, T.: fatale, necklace, O.: aestivum, a light ring for summer, Iu.: fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum, a golden bit, V.: auro potiri, the golden fleece, O.— Coined gold, money: auri indigere: Auri sacra fames, V.: otium non venale auro, H. — A gilded yoke, V.
* * *

auri N N

gold (metal/color), gold money, riches

Latin-English dictionary > aurum
7 _час; своєчасність

after death the doctor all in good time better late than never better three hours too soon than a minute too late catch time by the forelock; he is bald behind don't count your chickens before they are hatched don't cross the bridges before you come to them early sow, early mow the early bird catches the worm every flow has its ebb everything is good in its season first catch your hare, then cook him first come, first served the first hundred years are the hardest he gives twice who gives quickly the golden age never was the present age an hour in the morning is worth two in the evening an inch of time is an inch of gold in the end things will mend it is a long lane that has no turning it is never too late to mend it is too late to shut the stable door when the horse is stolen lost time is never found the morning sun never lasts a day never put off till tomorrow what you can do today noiseless falls the foot of time nothing is more precious than time, yet nothing is less valued one cannot put back the clock other times, other manners place for everything and everything in its place praise a fair day at night procrastination is the thief of time punctuality is the politeness of princes punctuality is the soul of business a stitch in time saves nine strike while the iron is hot sudden power is apt to be insolent, sudden liberty saucy; that behaves best which has grown gradually there is a time and place for everything there is no crying over spilt milk times change and we with time time is a great healer time is money time will tell a watched pot never boils we mustn't waste time, for that's the stuff life's made of while the grass grows the horse starves

English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > _час; своєчасність
8 prix

prix [pʀi]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = coût) [d'objet, produit] price ; [de location, transport] cost

• je l'ai payé 600 € -- c'est le prix I paid 600 euros for it -- that's the going rate

• votre prix sera le mien name your price

• quel est votre dernier prix ? (pour vendre) what's the lowest you'll go? ; (pour acheter) what's your final offer?

• acheter qch à prix d'or to pay a fortune for sth

• payer le prix fort to pay the full price

• à bas prix [produit, terrain] cheap ; [acheter, vendre] cheaply

• ça n'a pas de prix it's priceless

• je vous fais un prix (d'ami) I'll let you have it cheap

• il faut y mettre le prix you have to be prepared to pay for it

• je cherche une robe -- dans quels prix ? I'm looking for a dress -- in what price range?

• c'est dans mes prix that's within my price range

• c'est hors de prix it's outrageously expensive

• mise à prix: 1 000 € (enchères) reserve (Brit) or upset (US) price: 1,000 euros

• le prix du succès the price of success

► à tout prix at all costs

► à aucun prix on no account

► au prix de

• au prix de grands sacrifices after many sacrifices

   b. ( = récompense) (School) prize

• le prix Nobel de la paix the Nobel Peace Prize

• prix d'interprétation féminine prize for best actress

   c. ( = personne) prizewinner ; ( = livre) prizewinning book

• premier prix du Conservatoire first prize winner at the Conservatoire

   d. (Betting) race

• Grand Prix (automobile) Grand Prix

2. compounds

► prix d'achat purchase price

► prix d'appel introductory price

► prix conseillé recommended retail price

► prix coûtant cost price

► prix de détail retail price

► prix d'excellence prize for coming first in the class

► prix fixe set price ; (menu) set menu

► prix forfaitaire contract price

► prix de gros wholesale price

► prix imposé (Business) regulation price

► prix de lancement introductory price

► prix à la production farm gate price

► prix public retail price

► prix de revient cost price

► prix sortie d'usine factory price

► prix de vente selling price

* * *
pʀi
nom masculin invariable

1) Économie, fig price

prix de revient — cost price

c'est à quel prix? — how much is it?

ton prix sera le mien — name your price

c'est mon dernier prix — that's my final offer

un prix d'ami — a special price (colloq)

qu'il soit d'accord ou pas, c'est le même prix! — (colloq) fig it doesn't matter whether he agrees or not!

trouver quelque chose dans ses prix — ( fourchette de prix) to find something within one's price range; ( dans ses moyens) to find something one can afford

acheter une maison au prix fort — to pay the top price for a house

hors de prix — extremely expensive

cela n'a pas de prix — it's priceless

acheter quelque chose à prix d'or — to pay a small fortune for something

y mettre le prix — to pay for it

mettre quelque chose à prix à 50 euros — [commissaire-priseur] to start the bidding for something at 50 euros

mettre à prix la tête de quelqu'un — to put a price on somebody's head

à tout prix — at all costs

au prix de nombreux sacrifices — by making many sacrifices

son amitié n'a pas de prix pour moi — his/her friendship is very precious to me

j'attache beaucoup de prix à son amitié — I value his/her friendship highly ou greatly

2) (honneur, récompense) prize

obtenir le premier prix d'interprétation — to get the award for best actor

prix Nobel — ( récompense) Nobel prize; ( personne) Nobel prizewinner

3) ( course hippique) race

* * *
pʀi nm
1) (= valeur, coût) price

Je n'arrive pas à lire le prix de ce livre. — I can't see the price of this book.

acheter qch à prix d'or — to pay a fortune for sth

à tout prix — at all costs

Je veux éviter ça à tout prix. — I want to avoid this at all costs.

à aucun prix — not at any price

Je n'irai là-bas à aucun prix. — I'm not going there at any price.

au prix fort — at a very high price

hors de prix — outrageously expensive

Les repas sont hors de prix ici! — Meals here are outrageously expensive!

mettre à prix — to set a reserve price on Grande-Bretagne to set an upset price on USA

2) (= récompense) prize

Cécile a eu le prix de la meilleure actrice. — Cécile got the prize for best actress.

3) ÉDUCATION prize

* * *

prix nm inv

1 ( coût) price; prix d'achat/de vente purchase/selling price; prix de détail/de gros retail/wholesale price; prix fixe set price; prix affiché/conseillé/demandé posted/recommended/asking price; prix de revient cost price; vendre à or au prix coûtant to sell at cost price; au prix où sont les appartements nous ne pourrons jamais acheter at the price apartments are we'll never be able to buy anything; prix à la production/à la consommation producer/consumer price; prix de sortie d'usine factory(-gate) price; c'est à quel prix? how much is it?; ton prix sera le mien name your price; c'est mon dernier prix that's my final offer; tu me fais un prix (d'ami)? can you do GB ou make US me a special price○?; qu'il soit d'accord ou pas, c'est le même prix○! fig it doesn't matter whether he agrees or not!; trouver qch dans mes prix ( fourchette de prix) to find sth within my price-range; ( dans mes moyens) to find sth I can afford; meubles anciens vendus au prix fort antiques sold at a premium (price); acheter une maison au prix fort to buy a house when prices are at their highest; à bon prix [vendre] at a good price; de prix expensive; hors de prix extremely expensive; cela n'a pas de prix it's priceless; acheter qch à prix d'or to pay a small fortune for sth; c'est joli, mais j'y ai mis le prix it's pretty, but I paid a lot for it; si tu veux de la soie, il faut être prêt à y mettre le prix if you want silk, you have to be prepared to pay for it; mettre qch à prix à 50 euros [commissaire- priseur] to start the bidding at 50 euros; mettre à prix la tête de qn to put a price on sb's head;

2 (coût en efforts, sacrifices) price; le prix de la réussite the price of success; à tout prix at all costs; je ne le ferai à aucun prix I will not do it at any price; au prix de nombreux sacrifices by dint of much sacrifice;

3 (valeur affective, morale) price; son amitié n'a pas de prix pour moi his/her friendship is very precious to me; j'attache beaucoup de prix à son amitié I value his/her friendship greatly; cela donne du prix à ta visite it makes your visit all the more precious; apprécier l'amabilité de qn à son juste prix to appreciate sb's kindness fully;

4 (honneur, récompense) prize; obtenir le premier/deuxième prix to win first/second prize; il n'a pas eu de prix he didn't get a prize; prix de consolation consolation prize; prix d'encouragement special ou consolation prize; obtenir le premier prix d'interprétation to get the award for best actor; le prix Nobel ( récompense) the Nobel prize; ( personne) the Nobel prize-winner; c'est le premier prix du concours Chopin ( personne) he/she won first prize in the Chopin competition; lire le prix Goncourt to read the book which won the Prix Goncourt;

5 Turf race; ⇒ grand.

Composés

prix d'appel loss leader; prix d'excellence prize for top academic achievement; prix de retrait reserve price.

Idiome

au prix où sont les choses or où est le beurre○! prices being what they are!

[pri] nom masculin

1. [tarif fixe] price, cost

‘prix écrasés/sacrifiés!’ ‘prices slashed!’

prix et conditions de transport d'un produit freight rates and conditions for a product

le prix de l'essence à la pompe the cost of petrol (UK) ou gas (US) to the motorist

ça coûte un prix fou it costs a fortune ou the earth

mes bottes, dis un prix pour voir! how much do you think my boots cost?

laissez-moi au moins régler le prix des places let me at least pay for the tickets

à bas ou (soutenu) vil prix very cheaply

à ce prix-là at that price

dans mes prix within my (price) range

ce n'est déjà plus tout à fait dans ses prix that's already a little more than he wanted to spend

le prix fort

a. [maximal] top ou maximum price

b. [excessif] high price

j'ai payé le prix fort pour ma promotion I was promoted but I paid a high price for it ou it cost me dear

un bon prix: je l'ai acheté un bon prix I bought it for a very reasonable price

je l'ai vendu un bon prix I got a good price for it

prix imposé/libre fixed/deregulated price

prix d'achat purchase price

prix d'appel loss leader

prix courant going ou market price

prix comptant cash price

prix conseillé recommended retail price

prix coûtant cost price

prix de détail retail price

prix de gros wholesale price

prix hors taxes price before tax ou duties

prix au kilo price per kilo

prix net net price

prix public retail price

prix de revient cost price

prix à l'unité unit price

prix de vente selling price

oui, mais à quel prix! (figuré) yes, but at what cost!

à prix d'or: on achète aujourd'hui ses esquisses à prix d'or his sketches are now worth their weight in gold ou now cost the earth

je l'ai acheté à prix d'or I paid a small fortune for it

au prix où sont les choses ou où est le beurre (familier) seeing how expensive everything is

y mettre le prix: j'ai fini par trouver le cuir que je voulais mais j'ai dû y mettre le prix I finally found the type of leather I was looking for, but I had to pay top price for it

elle a été reçue à son examen, mais il a fallu qu'elle y mette le prix (figuré) she pa ssed her exam, but she really had to work hard for it

2. [étiquette] price (tag) ou label

il n'y avait pas de prix dessus it wasn't priced, there was no price tag on it

3. [barème convenu] price

votre prix sera le mien name your price

faire un prix (d'ami) à quelqu'un to do a special deal for somebody

c'était la fin du marché, elle m'a fait un prix pour les deux cageots the market was nearly over, so she let me have both boxes cheap

mettre quelque chose à prix [aux enchères] to set a reserve (UK) ou an upset (US) price on something

sa tête a été mise à prix (figuré) there's a price on his head ou a reward for his capture

4. [valeur] price, value

le prix de la vie/liberté the price of life/freedom

donner du prix à quelque chose to make something worthwhile

il donne ou attache plus de prix à sa famille depuis sa maladie his family is more important to him since his illness

on attache plus de prix à la vie quand on a failli la perdre life is more precious to you when you have nearly lost it

ça n'a pas de prix you can't put a price on it

5. [dans un concours commercial, un jeu] prize

[dans un concours artistique, un festival] prize, award

premier/deuxième prix first/second prize

prix littéraire literary prize

elle a eu le prix de la meilleure interprétation she got the award for best actress

le Grand Prix (automobile) SPORT the Grand Prix

le film qui a gagné le Grand Prix d'Avoriaz the film which won the Grand Prix at the Avoriaz festival

le prix Femina annual literary prize whose winner is chosen by a jury of women

le prix Goncourt the most prestigious French annual literary prize

le prix Louis-Delluc the Louis Delluc film (UK) ou movie (US) award (annual prize for a French film)

le prix Nobel the Nobel prize

le prix Pulitzer the Pulitzer prize

6. [œuvre primée - livre] award-winning book ou title ; [ - disque] award-winning record ; [ - film] award-winning film (UK) ou movie (US)

7. [lauréat] prizewinner

il a été Prix de Rome he won the Prix de Rome

8. ÉDUCATION [distinction]

jour de la distribution des prix prize ou prizegiving day

prix de consolation consolation prize

prix d'excellence first prize

prix d'honneur second prize

à aucun prix locution adverbiale

not at any price, not for all the world, on no account

je ne quitterais le pays à aucun prix! nothing would induce me to leave the country!

à n'importe quel prix locution adverbiale

at any price, no matter what (the cost)

il veut se faire un nom à n'importe quel prix he'll stop at nothing to make a name for himself

————————

à tout prix locution adverbiale

1. [obligatoirement] at all costs

tu dois à tout prix être rentré à minuit you must be back by midnight at all costs

2. [coûte que coûte] at any cost, no matter what (the cost)

nous voulons un enfant à tout prix we want a child no matter what (the cost)

————————

au prix de locution prépositionnelle

at the cost of

ma mère m'a élevé au prix de grands sacrifices my mother made great sacrifices to bring me up

————————

de prix locution adjectivale

[bijou, objet] valuable

————————

sans prix locution adjectivale

invaluable, priceless

l'estime de mes amis est sans prix I value the esteem of my friends above all else

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > prix
9 μαργαρίτης

μαργαρίτης, ου, ὁ (Theophr.; Strabo; Aelian, NA 10, 13; pap; En 18:7; TestJud 13:5; loanw. in rabb.) pearl

ⓐ w. gold 1 Ti 2:9. W. gold and precious stones Rv 17:4; 18:12, 16. Of the pearls that serve as gates for the heavenly city 21:21 (each gate a single pearl: EBurrows, JTS 43, ’42, 177–79). καλοὶ μ. Mt 13:45; πολύτιμος μ. a very valuable pearl vs. 46 (μ. more in demand than gold, Chares of Mitylene [IV B.C.]: 125 Fgm. 3 Jac. Among the Indians worth 3 times as much as pure gold: Arrian, Ind. 8, 13 and always in great demand: ibid. 8, 9)

ⓑ in imagery, in a proverb (s. χοῖρος) βάλλειν τοὺς μ. ἔμπροσθεν τ. χοίρων throw pearls to swine i.e. entrust someth. precious (cp. the reff. cited in Betz, SM 499 n. 590; s. also Eur., Bacch. 480; on the value placed on pearls in antiquity s. also HUsener, Die Perle: Weizsäcker Festschr. 1892, 203–13) to people who cannot or will not appreciate it Mt 7:6 (difft. GSchwartz, NovT 14, ’72, 18–25). πνευματικοὶ μ. spiritual pearls of a martyr’s bonds IEph 11:2.—HKahane, Traditio 13, ’57, 421–24; RAC 505–52; Kl. Pauly 3, 1020f; BHHW III 1422f.—DELG. EDNT. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > μαργαρίτης
10 affaire

affaire [afεʀ]

━━━━━━━━━

1. feminine noun

2. plural feminine noun

3. compounds

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. ( = problème, question) matter

• ce n'est pas une petite or une mince affaire it's no small matter

• c'est une affaire de goût it's a matter of taste

• j'ai une affaire urgente à régler I've got some urgent business to deal with

• le sport ne devrait pas être une affaire d'argent sport shouldn't be about money

• comment je fais ? -- c'est ton affaire ! what do I do? -- that's your problem!

• avec les ordinateurs, il est à son affaire when it comes to computers, he knows his stuff (inf)

• aller à Glasgow, c'est toute une affaire it's quite a business getting to Glasgow

• c'est une autre affaire that's another matter

• c'est l'affaire de quelques minutes it'll only take a few minutes

• la belle affaire ! big deal!

• tirer qn d'affaire to help sb out

• il est tiré d'affaire he's come through

► avoir affaire à [+ cas, problème] to have to deal with ; [+ personne] ( = s'occuper de) to be dealing with ; ( = être reçu ou examiné par) to be dealt with by

• nous avons affaire à un dangereux criminel we are dealing with a dangerous criminal

• tu auras affaire à moi ! you'll be hearing from me!► faire + affaire

• cet ordinateur fera l'affaire this computer will do fine

• cet employé ne fait pas l'affaire this employee won't do for the job

• ça fait mon affaire that's just what I need

• il en a fait une affaire personnelle he took it personally

• il en a fait toute une affaire he made a dreadful fuss about it

   b. ( = faits connus du public) affair ; ( = scandale) scandal

• l'affaire Dreyfus the Dreyfus affair

• l'affaire du sang contaminé the contaminated blood scandal

• une grave affaire de corruption a serious corruption scandal

• c'est une sale affaire it's a nasty business

   c. (Law, police) case

• être sur une affaire to be on a case

• une affaire de vol a case of theft

   d. ( = transaction) deal ; ( = achat avantageux) bargain

• une bonne affaire a bargain

• faire une affaire to get a bargain

• faire affaire avec qn to clinch a deal with sb

• l'affaire est faite ! that's the deal settled!

   e. ( = entreprise) business

• une affaire d'import-export an import-export business

• c'est une affaire qui marche it's a going concern

2. <

affaires

   a. ( = intérêts publics et privés) affairs

• les affaires culturelles cultural affairs

• les affaires publiques public affairs

• les Affaires étrangères Foreign Affairs

• occupe-toi or mêle-toi de tes affaires ! mind your own business!

   b. ( = activités commerciales) business sg

• être dans les affaires to be in business

• il est dur en affaires he's a tough businessman

• les affaires sont les affaires business is business

► d'affaires [repas, voyage, relations] business

• les milieux d'affaires sont optimistes the business community is optimistic

   c. ( = vêtements, objets personnels) things

• mes affaires de tennis my tennis things

• range tes affaires ! put your things away!

3. <

► affaire d'État affair of state

• il en a fait une affaire d'État (inf) he made a great song and dance about it ► affaire de famille ( = entreprise) family business ; ( = problème) family problem

► affaire de mœurs sex scandal

* * *
afɛʀ
1.

nom féminin

1) ( ensemble de faits) gén affair; (à caractère politique, militaire) crisis, affair; (à caractère délictueux, scandaleux) ( d'ordre général) scandal; ( de cas unique) affair; ( soumis à la justice) case

l'affaire de Suez — the Suez crisis

une affaire de corruption — a corruption scandal

condamné pour une affaire de drogue — convicted in a drug case

2) (histoire, aventure) affair

une affaire délicate — a delicate matter

j'ignore tout de cette affaire — I don't know anything about the matter

une sale affaire — a nasty business

quelle affaire! — what a business!

c'est une affaire d'argent — there's money involved

et voilà toute l'affaire — and that's that

3) (occupation, chose à faire) matter, business

il est parti pour une affaire urgente — he's gone off on some urgent business

c'est toute une affaire — it's quite a business

c'est une (tout) autre affaire — that's another matter (entirely)

ce n'est pas une petite affaire — it's no small matter

c'est mon affaire, pas la vôtre — that's my business, not yours

ça ne change rien à l'affaire — that doesn't change a thing

l'affaire se présente bien — things are looking good

j'en fais mon affaire — I'll deal with it

4) ( spécialité)

il connaît bien son affaire — he knows his job

c'est une affaire de femmes — it's women's business

la mécanique, c'est leur affaire — mechanics is their thing

c'est une affaire de spécialistes — it's a case for the specialists

5) ( transaction) deal

une bonne/mauvaise affaire — a good/bad deal

faire affaire avec quelqu'un — to do a deal with somebody

la belle affaire! — (colloq) big deal! (colloq)

6) ( achat avantageux) bargain

j'ai fait une affaire — I got a bargain

7) ( entreprise) business, concern

affaire industrielle — industrial concern

c'est elle qui fait marcher l'affaire — lit she runs the whole business; fig she runs the whole show

8) (question, problème)

c'est une affaire de temps/goût — it's a matter of time/taste

c'est l'affaire de quelques jours — it'll only take a few days

en faire toute une affaire — (colloq) to make a big deal (colloq) of it

on ne va pas en faire une affaire d'État! — let's not make a big issue out of it!

c'est une affaire de famille — it's a family affair

9) (difficulté, péril)

être hors or tiré d'affaire — [malade] to be in the clear

se tirer d'affaire — to get out of trouble

on n'est pas encore sortis or tirés d'affaire — we're not out of the woods yet

10) ( relation)

avoir affaire à — to be dealing with

tu auras affaire à moi! — you'll have me to contend with!

2.

affaires nom féminin pluriel

1) ( activités lucratives) gén business [U]; ( d'une seule personne) business affairs

être dans les affaires — to be in business

faire des affaires avec — to do business with

il gère les affaires de son oncle — he runs his uncle's business affairs

voir quelqu'un pour affaires — to see somebody on business

le monde des affaires — the business world

2) ( problèmes personnels) business [U]

ça, c'est mes affaires! — (colloq) that's my business!

occupe-toi de tes affaires! — (colloq) mind your own business!

mettre de l'ordre dans ses affaires — to put one's affairs in order

parler de ses affaires à tout le monde — to tell everybody one's business

3) ( effets personnels) things, belongings

mes affaires de sport — my sports things

4) Administration, Politique affairs

affaires publiques — public affairs

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- les affaires courantes

••

être à son affaire — to be in one's element

il/ça fera l'affaire — he/that'll do

ça a très bien fait l'affaire — it was just the job

elle fait or fera notre affaire — she's just the person we need

ça fera leur affaire — ( convenir) that's just what they need; ( être avantageux) it'll suit them

* * *
afɛʀ
1. nf

1) (= problème, question) matter

c'est une affaire de goût — it's a matter of taste

ce sont mes affaires (= cela me concerne) — that's my business

les affaires étrangères POLITIQUE — foreign affairs

2) (criminelle, judiciaire) case, (scandaleuse) affair

une affaire de drogue — a drugs case

3) (= entreprise) business

Son affaire marche bien. — His business is doing well.

4) (= marché, transaction) deal

faire affaire — to do a deal

5) (= occasion intéressante) bargain

une bonne affaire — a real bargain

C'est une affaire à ce prix là. — It's a bargain at that price.

6) (locutions)

tirer qn d'affaire — to get sb out of trouble

se tirer d'affaire — to get o.s. out of trouble

ceci fera l'affaire — this will do

avoir affaire à — to be faced with, to be dealing with

tu auras affaire à moi! — you'll have me to contend with!

c'est l'affaire d'une minute — it'll only take a minute

toutes affaires cessantes — forthwith

2. affaires nfpl

1) (= activité commerciale) business sg

2) (= effets personnels) things, belongings

* * *

affaire

A nf

1 ( ensemble de faits) gén affair; (à caractère politique, militaire) crisis, affair; (à caractère délictueux, scandaleux) ( d'ordre général) scandal; ( de cas unique) affair; ( soumis à la justice) case; une mystérieuse affaire a mysterious affair; l'affaire des otages the hostage crisis ou affair; l'affaire de Suez the Suez crisis; une affaire politique/de corruption a political/corruption scandal; l'affaire des fausses factures the scandal of the bogus invoices; affaire civile/criminelle civil/criminal case; il a été condamné pour une affaire de drogue he was convicted in a drug case;

2 (histoire, aventure) affair; une affaire délicate a delicate matter ou affair; une drôle d'affaire an odd affair; j'ignore tout de cette affaire I don't know anything about the matter; pour une affaire de cœur for an affair of the heart; être mêlé à une sale affaire to be mixed up in some nasty business; quelle affaire! what a business ou to-do!; c'est une affaire d'argent/d'héritage there's money/an inheritance involved; et voilà toute l'affaire and that's that;

3 (occupation, chose à faire) matter, business; c'est une affaire qui m'a pris beaucoup de temps it's a matter that has taken up a lot of my time; il est parti pour une affaire urgente he's gone off on some urgent business; c'est toute une affaire it's quite a business; c'est une (tout) autre affaire that's another matter (entirely); ce n'est pas une petite or mince affaire it's no small ou simple matter; c'est mon affaire, pas la vôtre that's my business, not yours; c'est l'affaire de tous it's something which concerns everyone ou us all; ça ne change rien à l'affaire that doesn't change a thing; l'affaire se présente bien/mal things are looking good/bad; j'en fais mon affaire I'll deal with it;

4 ( spécialité) il connaît bien son affaire he knows his business; c'est une affaire d'hommes/de femmes it's men's/women's business; c'est une affaire de garçons/filles it's boys'/girls' stuff péj; la mécanique/soudure, c'est leur affaire mechanics/welding is their thing; c'est une affaire de spécialistes it's a case for the specialists;

5 ( transaction) deal; une bonne/mauvaise affaire a good/bad deal; conclure une affaire to make ou to strike a deal; l'affaire a été conclue or faite the deal was settled; faire affaire avec qn to make a deal with sb; la belle affaire○! big deal○!; ⇒ sac;

6 ( achat avantageux) bargain; à ce prix-là, c'est une affaire at that price, it's a bargain; j'ai fait une affaire I got a bargain; tu y feras des affaires you'll find bargains there; on ne fait plus beaucoup d'affaires au marché aux puces there aren't many bargains to be had at the flea market any more; j'ai acheté cette robe en solde mais je n'ai pas fait une affaire I bought this dress in the sales but it wasn't a good buy;

7 ( entreprise) business, concern; affaire commerciale/d'import-export/de famille commercial/import-export/family business ou concern; de petites affaires small businesses ou concerns; affaire industrielle industrial concern; leur fils a repris l'affaire their son took over the business; c'est elle qui fait marcher l'affaire lit she runs the whole business; fig she runs the whole show; une affaire en or fig a gold mine;

8 (question, problème) c'est une affaire de temps/goût it's a matter of time/taste; c'est l'affaire de quelques jours/d'un quart d'heure it'll only take a few days/a quarter of an hour; c'est affaire de politiciens it's a matter for the politicians; c'est l'affaire des politiciens it's the concern of politicians; il en a fait une affaire personnelle he took it personally; en faire toute une affaire○ to make a big deal○ of it ou a fuss○ about it; on ne va pas en faire une affaire d'État○! let's not make a big issue out of it!; c'est une affaire de famille fig it's a family affair;

9 (difficulté, péril) être hors or tiré d'affaire [malade] to be in the clear; s'il obtient le poste, il est tiré d'affaire if he gets the job, his problems are over; se tirer d'affaire to get out of trouble; tirer or sortir qn d'affaire to get sb out of a spot; on n'est pas encore sortis or tirés d'affaire we're not out of the woods yet;

10 ( relation) avoir affaire à to be dealing with [malfaiteur, fou, drogue, fausse monnaie]; nous avons affaire à un escroc/faux we're dealing with a crook/fake; je le connais mais je n'ai pas souvent affaire à lui I know him but I don't have much to do with him; j'ai eu affaire au directeur lui-même I saw the manager himself; tu auras affaire à moi! you'll have me to contend with!

B affaires nfpl

1 ( activités lucratives) gén business ¢; ( d'une seule personne) business affairs; être dans les affaires to be in business; faire des affaires avec to do business with; les affaires sont calmes/au plus bas business is quiet/at its lowest ebb; les affaires reprennent or marchent mieux business is picking up; il gère les affaires de son oncle he runs his uncle's business affairs; parler affaires to talk business; revenir aux affaires to go back into business; avoir le sens des affaires to have business sense; voir qn pour affaires to see sb on business; voyager pour affaires to go on a business trip; le monde des affaires the business world; quartier/milieux/lettre/rendez-vous d'affaires business district/circles/letter/appointment; le français/chinois des affaires business French/Chinese; un homme dur en affaires a tough businessman;

2 ( problèmes personnels) business ¢; ça, c'est mes affaires○! that's my business!; occupe-toi de tes affaires! mind your own business!; se mêler or s'occuper des affaires des autres to interfere ou meddle in other people's business ou affairs; mettre de l'ordre dans ses affaires to put one's affairs in order; parler de ses affaires à tout le monde to tell everybody one's business; ça n'arrange pas mes affaires qu'elle vienne her coming isn't very convenient for me;

3 ( effets personnels) things, belongings; mets tes affaires dans le placard put your things in the cupboard; mes affaires de sport/de classe my sports/school things;

4 Admin, Pol affairs; affaires publiques/sociales/étrangères public/social/foreign affairs; les affaires intérieures d'un pays a country's internal affairs; les affaires de l'État affairs of state.

Composé

les affaires courantes gén daily business (sg); Jur Pol day-to-day running of a country.

Idiomes

être à son affaire to be in one's element; il/ça fera l'affaire he'll/that'll do; il/ça ne peut pas faire l'affaire he/that won't do; ça a très bien fait l'affaire it was just the job; elle fait or fera notre affaire she's just the person we need; ça fera leur affaire ( convenir) that's just what they need; ( être avantageux) it'll suit them; faire or régler son affaire à qn○ ( tuer) to bump sb off○; ( sévir) to sort sb out.

[afɛr] nom féminin

1. [société] business, firm, company

monter une affaire to set up a business

remonter une affaire to put a business back on its feet

gérer ou diriger une affaire to run a business

l'affaire familiale the family business

2. [marché] (business) deal ou transaction

faire affaire avec quelqu'un to have dealings with somebody

conclure une affaire avec quelqu'un to clinch a deal with somebody

faire beaucoup d'affaires to do a lot of business

une affaire (en or) (familier) an unbeatable bargain

faire une (bonne) affaire to get a (good) bargain

à mon avis, ce n'est pas une affaire! I wouldn't exactly call it a bargain!

ils font des affaires en or they're doing terrific business

(c'est une) affaire conclue!, c'est une affaire faite! it's a deal!

l'affaire ne se fera pas the deal's off

l'affaire n'est pas encore faite!

a. (sens propre) the deal isn't clinched yet

b. (figuré) it's by no means a foregone conclusion

c'est une affaire entendue! we agree on that!

lui, c'est vraiment pas une affaire!

a. (familier) [il est insupportable] he's a real pain!

b. [il est bête] he's no bright spark!

3. [problème, situation délicate] business

une mauvaise ou sale affaire a nasty business

ce n'est pas une mince affaire, c'est tout une affaire it's quite a business

quelle ou la belle affaire! (ironique) so what (does it matter)?

c'est une autre affaire that's another story ou a different proposition

c'est une affaire de gros sous it's a huge scam

sortir ou tirer quelqu'un d'affaire

a. [par amitié] to get somebody out of trouble

b. [médicalement] to pull somebody through

être sorti ou tiré d'affaire

a. [après une aventure, une faillite] to be out of trouble ou in the clear

b. [après une maladie] to be off the danger list

on n'est pas encore tirés d'affaire we're not out of the woods yet

4. [scandale]

affaire d'État affair of state

n'en fais pas une affaire d'État! (figuré) don't blow the thing up out of all proportion!

affaire (politique) (political) scandal ou affair

l'affaire Dreyfus the Dreyfus affair

[crime] murder

[escroquerie] business, job

être sur une affaire to be in on a job

5. [procès] trial, lawsuit, case

l'affaire est jugée demain the trial concludes tomorrow

saisir un tribunal d'une affaire to bring a case before a judge

affaire civile/correctionnelle civil/criminal action

6. [ce qui convient]

j'ai votre affaire (familier) I've got just the thing for you

la mécanique c'est pas/c'est son affaire (familier) car engines aren't exactly/are just his cup of tea

faire l'affaire (de quelqu'un): la vieille casserole fera l'affaire the old saucepan'll do

je vais lui faire son affaire (familier) I'll sort ou straighten him out!

7. [responsabilité]

fais ce que tu veux, c'est ton affaire do what you like, it's your business ou problem

en faire son affaire to take the matter in hand, to make it one's business

l'architecte? j'en fais mon affaire I'll deal with ou handle the architect

8. [question]

dis-moi l'affaire en deux mots tell me briefly what the problem is

l'âge/l'argent/le temps ne fait rien à l'affaire age/money/time doesn't make any difference

c'est l'affaire d'une seconde it can be done in a trice

c'est l'affaire d'un coup de fil (familier) all it takes is a phone call

c'est une affaire de vie ou de mort it's a matter of life and death

affaire de principe matter of principle

affaire de goût question of taste

pour une affaire de souveraineté territoriale over some business to do with territorial sovereignty

9. (locution)

avoir affaire à to (have to) deal with

avoir affaire à forte partie to have a strong ou tough opponent

avoir affaire à plus fort/plus malin que soi to be dealing with someone stronger/more cunning than oneself

il vaut mieux n'avoir pas affaire à lui it's better to avoid having anything to do with him

tu vas avoir affaire à moi si tu tires la sonnette! if you ring the bell, you'll have me to deal with!

elle a eu affaire à moi quand elle a voulu vendre la maison! she had me to contend with when she tried to sell the house!

être à son affaire: à la cuisine, il est à son affaire in the kitchen ou when he's cooking he's in his element

tout à son affaire, il ne m'a pas vu entrer he was so absorbed in what he was doing, he didn't see me come in

————————

affaires nom féminin pluriel

1. COMMERCE & ÉCONOMIE business (substantif non comptable)

les affaires vont bien/mal business is good/bad

être dans les affaires to be a businessman ( feminine businesswoman)

les affaires sont les affaires! business is business!

pour affaires [voyager, rencontrer] for business purposes, on business

voyage/repas d'affaires business trip/lunch

2. ADMINISTRATION & POLITIQUE affairs

être aux affaires to run the country, to be the head of state

depuis qu'il est revenu aux affaires since he's been back in power

les affaires courantes everyday matters

les affaires de l'État the affairs of state

affaires intérieures internal ou domestic affairs

affaires internationales international affairs

affaires publiques public affairs

les Affaires sociales the Social Services (department)

3. [situation matérielle]

ses affaires his business affairs, his financial situation

mettre de l'ordre dans ses affaires (avant de mourir) to put one's affairs in order (before dying)

[situation personnelle]

s'il revient, elle voudra le revoir et ça n'arrangera pas tes affaires if he comes back, she'll want to see him and that won't help the situation

mêle-toi de tes affaires! mind your own business!, keep your nose out of this!

c'est mes affaires, ça te regarde pas! (familier) that's MY business!

affaires de cœur love life

4. [objets personnels] things, belongings, (personal) possessions

ses petites affaires

a. (humoristique) his little things

b. (péjoratif) his precious belongings

en affaires locution adverbiale

when (you're) doing business, in business

être dur en affaires [généralement] to drive a hard bargain, to be a tough businessman ( feminine businesswoman)

toutes affaires cessantes locution adverbiale

forthwith

toutes affaires cessantes, ils sont allés chez le maire they dropped everything and went to see the mayor

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > affaire

11 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

12 lieb

I Adj.

1. (liebevoll) Brief, Worte: kind; (gütig) kind, good; in Briefen: ( viele) liebe Grüße (much) love (an + Akk to); sei so lieb und... would you be so kind as to..., would you be a dear ( oder do me a favo[u]r) and...; sei so lieb could you?, do you mind?; das ist lieb von dir that’s very kind ( stärker: sweet) of you; lieb sein zu be kind ( oder nice) to

2. (nett, freundlich) nice; (goldig) sweet; er / sie ist ein lieber Kerl he’s / she’s a dear; ein liebes Ding a darling, a sweetie umg.; er hat eine liebe Frau his wife is a dear; sie hat ein liebes Gesicht she has a sweet face

3. (brav) good; sei ( schön) lieb! be good!; warst du auch lieb? have you been a good boy ( Mädchen: girl) ?

4. (geschätzt, geliebt) dear; die liebe Sonne scheint wieder the good old sun has come out again; alles, was ihr lieb war all that was dear to her; diese alte Uhr ist mir lieb und teuer this old clock is very precious (to me); wenn dir dein Leben lieb ist if you value your life; lieb behalten still be fond of; lieb gewinnen grow fond of, come to like; lieb haben like; stärker: love; lieb geworden cherished; ein mir liebes Fleckchen a place I have come to cherish ( oder have grown very fond of); lieber Herr N. im Brief: Dear Mr ( oder Mr.) N; in der Anrede: liebe Anwesende, meine lieben Anwesenden etwa ladies and gentlemen; liebe Gemeinde, liebe Schwestern und Brüder KIRCHL. dear brothers and sisters in Christ; mein lieber Mann! umg. I tell you!; das liebe Geld umg. the wretched money; bisschen II, Himmel 4, Gott, Not 3, Schwan, Tag1 2 etc.

5. (angenehm, willkommen) welcome; lieber Besuch welcome visitor(s); das ist mir gar nicht lieb I don’t like this at all; es wäre mir lieb, wenn... I’d appreciate it ( oder be glad) if...; mehr, als ihm lieb ist more than he really wants; lieber, liebst...

II Adv.

1. (liebevoll) lovingly, fondly; (freundlich) kindly; (nett) nicely; (zärtlich) tenderly; (sanft) gently; jemanden lieb behandeln be really nice to s.o.; er hat es so lieb hergerichtet etc. he took such a lot of care over it

2. (brav) er / sie hat es ganz lieb aufgegessen he / she ate it all up like a good boy / girl

III substantivisch: mein Lieber! Frau an Mann: my dear; Mann an Mann: my dear fellow; meine Liebe! my dear (girl); meine Lieben my dears; meine Lieben! dear people!; Liebes Anrede: (my) love; etwas Liebes something nice; jemandem etwas Liebes tun oder erweisen do s.o. a favo(u)r, be very kind to s.o.; kann ich dir irgendetwas Liebes tun? is there anything I can do for you?; Liebste(r)

* * *

dear; kind; expensive; good; nice; sweet

* * *
[liːp]
1. adj

1) (= liebenswürdig, hilfsbereit) kind; (= nett, reizend) nice; (= niedlich) Kerl(chen), Ding sweet, lovely, cute (inf); (= artig) Kind, Schulklasse good

(es sendet dir) (viele) líébe Grüße deine Silvia — love Silvia

líébe Grüße an deine Eltern — give my best wishes to your parents

würdest du ( bitte) so líéb sein und das Fenster aufmachen or das Fenster aufzumachen?, sei bitte so líéb und mache das Fenster auf — would you do me a favour (Brit) or favor (US) or (would you) be an angel (inf) and open the window?

willst du wohl ( endlich) líéb sein?! — are you going to be good or to behave now?

bei jdm líéb Kind sein (pej) — to be sb's (little) darling or pet

beim Lehrer líéb Kind sein (pej) — to be teacher's pet

sich bei jdm líéb Kind machen (pej) — to suck up to sb, to worm one's way into sb's good books

2) Gast, Besuch (= angenehm) pleasant; (= willkommen) welcome

bei uns bist du jederzeit ein líéber Gast — you're always welcome, we're always pleased to see you

3)

(= angenehm) etw ist jdm líéb — sb likes sth

es wäre mir líéb, wenn... — I'd be glad if..., I'd like it if...

es ist mir líéb, dass... — I'm glad that...

es wäre ihm líéber — he would prefer it

See:

→ auch lieber

4) (= geliebt, geschätzt) dear, beloved (iro, form); (in Briefanrede) dear

líébe Monika, das geht doch nicht — (my) dear Monika, that's just not on

líébe Brüder und Schwestern (Rel) — dearly beloved

der líébe Gott — the Good Lord

líéber Gott (Anrede) — dear God or Lord

unsere Liebe Frau (Eccl) — Our Lady

Liebe Anna, líéber Klaus!... — Dear Anna and Klaus,...

(mein) Liebes — (my) love or pet, honey (esp US)

er ist mir líéb und wert or teuer — he's very dear to me

líéb geworden — well-loved; Klischee much-loved

eine mir líéb gewordene Gewohnheit — a habit of which I've grown very fond

den líében langen Tag (inf) — the whole livelong day

das líébe Geld! — the money, the money!

(ach) du líéber Himmel/líéber Gott/líébe Güte/líébe Zeit/líébes Lieschen or Lottchen/líébes bisschen (inf) — good heavens or Lord!, goodness me!

See:

→ Not

5)

líébste(r, s) — favourite (Brit), favorite (US)

sie ist mir die Liebste von allen — she is my favourite (Brit) or favorite (US)

2. adv

1) (= liebenswürdig) danken, grüßen sweetly, nicely

jdm líéb schreiben — to write a sweet letter to sb

jdn líéb beschenken — to give sb a sweet present

sich líéb um jdn kümmern — to be very kind to sb

er hat mir wirklich líéb geholfen — it was really sweet the way he helped me

2) (= artig) nicely

geh jetzt líéb nach Hause — be a sweetie, go home

* * *

(very lovable: He is such a dear little boy.) dear

* * *

lieb

[li:p]

I. adj

1. (liebevoll) kind, nice (zu + dat to)

sei so \lieb und... would you be so good [or kind] and [or as to]..., would you be a dear and...

seien Sie so \lieb und... would you be so good [or kind] and [or as to]...

das war nicht gerade \lieb von dir! that wasn't very kind [or nice] of you!; s.a. Gruß

2. (liebenswert) nice, likeable; Kind, Tier a. sweet, cute

3. (brav) good, nice

sei jetzt \lieb/sei ein \liebes Kind! be a good boy/girl!

4. (geschätzt) dear, beloved

Ihre \liebe Frau your dear wife

\liebste Mutter my dearest mother

\liebe Anwesende! ladies and gentlemen!

\liebe Kollegen! colleagues!

L\lieber Karl, \liebe Amelie! (in Briefen) Dear Karl and Amelie,

meine L\liebe/mein L \lieber my dear girl/man [or fam fellow] [or dated boy] [ or esp BRIT dated fam chap]

[mein] L\liebes [my] love, darling

jdn \lieb behalten (mögen) to be still fond of sb; (lieben) to still love sb

[ach] du \liebes bisschen! (fam) good heavens [or Lord]!, goodness [gracious] [me]!

das \liebe Geld (iron) damned money fam

jdn/etw \lieb gewinnen to grow fond of sb/sth

\lieb geworden:

\lieb gewordene Freunde friends one has grown very fond of

der \liebe Gott the good Lord

jdn \lieb haben (mögen) to be fond of sb; (lieben) to love sb

man muss ihn einfach \lieb haben it's impossible not to like him

jdm \lieb und teuer [o wert] sein to be very dear to sb

die \lieben Verwandten (iron) one's dear relations a. iron

wenn jdm etw \lieb ist,... if sb values sth...

5. (angenehm) welcome, pleasant

solche \liebe Gäste wie heute such pleasant guests like today

... als jdm \lieb ist... than sb likes

es waren mehr Leute, als mir \lieb war there were too many people for my liking

früher, als euch \lieb ist earlier than you've bargained for

am \liebsten best [or most] [of all]

ich mag Vollmilchschokolade am \liebsten my favourite is milk chocolate

\lieb geworden:

\lieb gewordene Gewohnheiten habits one has come to appreciate

je..., je \lieb:

je größer/kleiner, je \lieber the bigger/smaller the better

je mehr, je \lieber the more the merrier

▪ jd/etw ist jdm \lieb sb welcomes [or appreciates] sb/sth, sb is grateful for sth

das wäre mir gar nicht/weniger \lieb I'd much rather/I'd rather you didn't [do it]

▪ es ist jdm \lieb, wenn... sb appreciates it [or is grateful] when...

es wäre mir \lieber, wenn du nicht hingehst I would prefer you not to go; s.a. lieber

II. adv

1. (liebenswürdig) kindly; (stärker) lovingly

2. (liebenswert) sweetly, cutely

3. (artig) nicely; Kind a. [as] good as gold

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) (liebevoll) kind <words, gesture>

viele liebe Grüße [an... (Akk.)] — much love [to...] (coll.)

das ist lieb von dir — it's sweet of you

2) (liebenswert) likeable; nice; (stärker) lovable, sweet <child, girl, pet>

seine Frau/ihr Mann ist sehr lieb — his wife/her husband is a dear

3) (artig) good, nice <child, dog>

sei schön lieb! — be a good girl/boy!

sich bei jemandem lieb Kind machen — (ugs. abwertend) get on the right side of somebody

4) (geschätzt) dear

sein liebstes Spielzeug — his favourite toy

liebe Karola, lieber Ernst! — (am Briefanfang) dear Karola and Ernst

lieber Gott — dear God

der liebe Gott — the Good Lord

wenn dir dein Leben lieb ist,... — if you value your life...

eine lieb gewordene Gewohnheit ablegen — give up a habit of which one has grown very fond

das liebe Geld — (iron.) the wretched money

den lieben langen Tag — (ugs.) all the livelong day

meine Lieben — (Familie) my people; my nearest and dearest (joc.); (als Anrede) [you] good people; (an Familie usw.) my dears

meine Liebe — my dear; (herablassend) my dear woman/girl

mein Lieber — (Mann an Mann) my dear fellow; (Frau/Mann an Jungen) my dear boy; (Frau an Mann) my dear man

liebe Mitbürgerinnen und Mitbürger! — fellow citizens

liebe Kinder/Freunde! — children/friends

lieb Gemeinde, liebe Schwestern und Brüder! — (christl. Kirche) dearly beloved

[ach] du liebe Güte od. liebe Zeit od. lieber Himmel od. liebes bisschen! — (ugs.) (erstaunt) good grief!; good heavens!; [good] gracious!; (entsetzt) good grief!; heavens above!

mit jemandem/etwas seine liebe Not haben — have no end of trouble with somebody/something

5) (angenehm) welcome

es wäre mir lieb/lieber, wenn... — I should be glad or should like it/should prefer it if...

am liebsten wäre mir, ich könnte heute noch abreisen — I should like it best if I could leave today

wir hatten mehr Schnee, als mir lieb war — we had too much snow for my liking

6)

jemanden/etwas lieb gewinnen — grow fond of somebody/something

jemanden lieb haben — love somebody; (gern haben) be fond of somebody
2.
adverbial

1) (liebenswert) kindly

das hast du aber lieb gesagt — you 'did put that nicely

2) (artig) nicely

* * *

lieb

A. adj

1. (liebevoll) Brief, Worte: kind; (gütig) kind, good; in Briefen:

(viele) liebe Grüße (much) love (

an +akk to);

sei so lieb und … would you be so kind as to …, would you be a dear ( oder do me a favo[u]r) and …;

sei so lieb could you?, do you mind?;

das ist lieb von dir that’s very kind ( stärker: sweet) of you;

lieb sein zu be kind ( oder nice) to

2. (nett, freundlich) nice; (goldig) sweet;

er/sie ist ein lieber Kerl he’s/she’s a dear;

ein liebes Ding a darling, a sweetie umg;

er hat eine liebe Frau his wife is a dear;

sie hat ein liebes Gesicht she has a sweet face

3. (brav) good;

sei (schön) lieb! be good!;

warst du auch lieb? have you been a good boy ( Mädchen: girl) ?

4. (geschätzt, geliebt) dear;

die liebe Sonne scheint wieder the good old sun has come out again;

alles, was ihr lieb war all that was dear to her;

diese alte Uhr ist mir lieb und teuer this old clock is very precious (to me);

wenn dir dein Leben lieb ist if you value your life;

lieb behalten still be fond of;

lieb gewinnen grow fond of, come to like;

lieb haben like; stärker: love;

lieb geworden cherished;

ein mir liebes Fleckchen a place I have come to cherish ( oder have grown very fond of);

lieber Herr N. im Brief: Dear Mr ( oder Mr.) N; in der Anrede:

liebe Anwesende, meine lieben Anwesenden etwa ladies and gentlemen;

liebe Gemeinde, liebe Schwestern und Brüder KIRCHE dear brothers and sisters in Christ;

mein 'lieber Mann! umg I tell you!;

das liebe Geld umg the wretched money; → bisschen B, Himmel 4, Gott, Not 3, Schwan, Tag¹ 2 etc

5. (angenehm, willkommen) welcome;

lieber Besuch welcome visitor(s);

das ist mir gar nicht lieb I don’t like this at all;

es wäre mir lieb, wenn … I’d appreciate it ( oder be glad) if …;

mehr, als ihm lieb ist more than he really wants; → lieber, liebst…

B. adv

1. (liebevoll) lovingly, fondly; (freundlich) kindly; (nett) nicely; (zärtlich) tenderly; (sanft) gently;

jemanden lieb behandeln be really nice to sb;

er hat es so lieb hergerichtet etc he took such a lot of care over it

2. (brav)

er/sie hat es ganz lieb aufgegessen he/she ate it all up like a good boy/girl

C. substantivisch:

mein Lieber! Frau an Mann: my dear; Mann an Mann: my dear fellow;

meine Liebe! my dear (girl);

meine Lieben my dears;

meine Lieben! dear people!;

Liebes Anrede: (my) love;

etwas Liebes something nice;

jemandem etwas Liebes tun oder

erweisen do sb a favo(u)r, be very kind to sb;

kann ich dir irgendetwas Liebes tun? is there anything I can do for you?; → Liebste(r)

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) (liebevoll) kind <words, gesture>

viele liebe Grüße [an... (Akk.)] — much love [to...] (coll.)

das ist lieb von dir — it's sweet of you

2) (liebenswert) likeable; nice; (stärker) lovable, sweet <child, girl, pet>

seine Frau/ihr Mann ist sehr lieb — his wife/her husband is a dear

3) (artig) good, nice <child, dog>

sei schön lieb! — be a good girl/boy!

sich bei jemandem lieb Kind machen — (ugs. abwertend) get on the right side of somebody

4) (geschätzt) dear

sein liebstes Spielzeug — his favourite toy

liebe Karola, lieber Ernst! — (am Briefanfang) dear Karola and Ernst

lieber Gott — dear God

der liebe Gott — the Good Lord

wenn dir dein Leben lieb ist,... — if you value your life...

eine lieb gewordene Gewohnheit ablegen — give up a habit of which one has grown very fond

das liebe Geld — (iron.) the wretched money

den lieben langen Tag — (ugs.) all the livelong day

meine Lieben — (Familie) my people; my nearest and dearest (joc.); (als Anrede) [you] good people; (an Familie usw.) my dears

meine Liebe — my dear; (herablassend) my dear woman/girl

mein Lieber — (Mann an Mann) my dear fellow; (Frau/Mann an Jungen) my dear boy; (Frau an Mann) my dear man

liebe Mitbürgerinnen und Mitbürger! — fellow citizens

liebe Kinder/Freunde! — children/friends

lieb Gemeinde, liebe Schwestern und Brüder! — (christl. Kirche) dearly beloved

[ach] du liebe Güte od. liebe Zeit od. lieber Himmel od. liebes bisschen! — (ugs.) (erstaunt) good grief!; good heavens!; [good] gracious!; (entsetzt) good grief!; heavens above!

mit jemandem/etwas seine liebe Not haben — have no end of trouble with somebody/something

5) (angenehm) welcome

es wäre mir lieb/lieber, wenn... — I should be glad or should like it/should prefer it if...

am liebsten wäre mir, ich könnte heute noch abreisen — I should like it best if I could leave today

wir hatten mehr Schnee, als mir lieb war — we had too much snow for my liking

6)

jemanden/etwas lieb gewinnen — grow fond of somebody/something

jemanden lieb haben — love somebody; (gern haben) be fond of somebody
2.
adverbial

1) (liebenswert) kindly

das hast du aber lieb gesagt — you 'did put that nicely

2) (artig) nicely

* * *

adj.

dear adj.

good adj.

nice adj. adv.

fondly adv.

gently adv.

lovingly adv.

tenderly adv.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > lieb

13 metal

'metl
noun, adjective

1) ((of) any of a group of substances, usually shiny, that can conduct heat and electricity and can be hammered into shape, or drawn out in sheets, bars etc: Gold, silver and iron are all metals.) metal

2) ((of) a combination of more than one of such substances: Brass is a metal made from copper and zinc.) metal

•

- metallic

metal¹ adj metálico / de metal

it has metal wheels tiene ruedas metálicas

metal² n metal

gold and silver are precious metals el oro y la plata son metales preciosos

metal sustantivo masculino
a) (material, elemento) metal;
metal noble or precioso precious metal
b) tb

◊ metales (Mús) brass (section)

metal sustantivo masculino
1 metal
2 (dinero) el vil metal, filthy lucre
3 Mús brass ' metal' also found in these entries: Spanish: batir - chatarra - cierre - cromo - detector - detectora - doblar - dócil - esculpir - fatiga - férrea - férreo - forjar - fraguar - fusión - hierro - hoja - horno - inscripción - labrar - labrada - labrado - licuación - oro - placa - plata - platino - plomo - pulir - resplandecer - resplandor - somier - talla - tallar - templar - trabajar - viruta - acero - alpaca - baño - brillante - brillar - bronceado - chapa - chapado - cincelar - cobre - comal - contraer - corroer English: badge - base - bend - brass - brassy - carve - cast - chisel - chrome - chromium - conduct - dent - erode - erosion - expand - expansion - forge - gate - girder - grommet - laminated - lead - melt - melt down - metal - metal detector - metalwork - mold - molten - mould - plate - polish - rattle - rolled - shaving - sheet - shine - shrinkage - silver - spike - splinter - stamp - strip - tin - warp - wire wool - beat - buckle - buff - cap

metal

tr['metəl]

noun

1 metal nombre masculino

adjective

1 metálico,-a, de metal

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

metal detector detector nombre masculino de metales

metal worker metalario,-a

metal ['mɛt̬əl] n

: metal m

metal

adj.

• metálico, -a adj.

n.

• grava s.f.

• metal (Química) s.m.

• metálico s.m.

v.

• engravar v.

'metḷ
mass & count noun (Chem, Metall) metal m; (before n) < box> metálico, de metal

metal detector — detector m de metales

metal fatigue — fatiga f del metal

['metl]
1. N

1) (Chem, Phys) metal m

2) (Brit) (on road) grava f

3) (Brit)
(Rail) metals rieles mpl
4) (fig) = mettle

2.

ADJ metálico, de metal

3.

VT (Brit) [+ road] engravar

4.

CPD

metal detector N — detector m de metales

metal fatigue N — fatiga f del metal

metal polish N — abrillantador m de metales

* * *
['metḷ]
mass & count noun (Chem, Metall) metal m; (before n) < box> metálico, de metal

metal detector — detector m de metales

metal fatigue — fatiga f del metal

English-spanish dictionary > metal

14 titre

titre [titʀ(ə)]

masculine noun

   a. [d'œuvre] title ; ( = manchette de journal) headline

• les (gros) titres the headlines

   b. (honorifique, de fonction, sportif) title ; ( = formule de politesse) form of address

• titre de noblesse title

► en titre titular ; [propriétaire] legal ; [fournisseur] appointed

• le champion du monde en titre the world title-holder

   c. ( = document) title

• titre de propriété title deed

• titre de séjour residence permit

• titre de transport ticket

• titre interbancaire de paiement payment slip allowing automatic withdrawal from a bank account

   d. (Stock exchange) security

   e. ( = preuve de capacité, diplôme) qualification

• titres universitaires academic qualifications

   f. [d'or, argent] fineness ; [de solution] titre

• titre d'alcool or alcoolique alcohol content

   g. (locutions) à ce titre ( = en cette qualité) as such ; ( = pour cette raison) therefore

• à quel titre ? on what grounds?

• il y a droit au même titre que les autres he is entitled to it in the same way as the others

• à plusieurs titres on several accounts

• à plus d'un titre on more than one account

• à double titre on two accounts

• à titre privé/personnel in a private/personal capacity

• à titre permanent/provisoire on a permanent/temporary basis

• à titre exceptionnel (dans ce cas) exceptionally ; (dans certains cas) in exceptional cases

• à titre gratuit or gracieux free of charge

• à titre d'exemple by way of example

* * *
titʀ
nom masculin

1) ( d'œuvre) title; ( de chapitre) heading; ( dans un journal) headline

avoir pour titre — to be entitled

les titres de l'actualité — the headlines

2) ( rang) title

titre mondial — world title

titre nobiliaire or de noblesse — title

donner à quelqu'un le titre de — to address somebody as

le titre d'ingénieur — the status of qualified engineer

en titre — [professeur, directeur] titular; [fournisseur] appointed; [maîtresse, rival] official

champion en titre — title holder

titres universitaires — ( diplômes) university qualifications

3) (motif, qualité)

à juste titre — quite rightly

à plus d'un titre — in many respects

à titre de précaution — as a precaution

à titre expérimental — by way of experiment

à titre définitif — on a permanent basis

à titre privé — in a private capacity

à titre gracieux or gratuit — free

à titre onéreux — for a fee

à titre indicatif — as a rough guide

à quel titre a-t-il été invité? — why was he invited?

au même titre que vous — in the same capacity as yourself

à double titre — on two counts

au titre de l'aide économique — in economic aid

perçu au titre de droits d'auteur — received as royalties

4) Droit ( document) deed

titre de propriété — title deed

5) ( en Bourse) security

6) Économie item

titre budgétaire — budgetary item

7) ( de solution) titre [BrE]; ( de vins et spiritueux) strength; ( de métal précieux) fineness

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- titre de gloire

- titre de transport

* * *
titʀ nm
1) [œuvre, film] title

2) (dans un journal) headline

les gros titres — the main headlines

3) (= diplôme) qualification

4) FINANCE security

5) CHIMIE titre

6) [fonction] title

Il portait le titre de directeur adjoint. — His title was assistant manager.

en titre (responsable) — official

7) [champion] title

détenteur du titre de champion d'Europe — holder of the European championship title

8) (autres locutions)

à juste titre — with just cause, rightly

à quel titre? — on what grounds?

à aucun titre — on no account

au même titre que — in the same way as

au titre de; Il y est allé au titre de la coopération. — He went there on a development mission.

Cette somme est prélevée au titre de... — This amount is deducted for...

à titre de (= en tant que) — as

Il en bénéficie à titre d'ancien directeur. — He is entitled to it as a former managing director.

à titre d'exemple — as an example, by way of an example

à titre exceptionnel — exceptionally

à titre d'information — for information, for your information

à titre gracieux — free of charge

à titre d'essai — on a trial basis

à titre privé — in a private capacity

* * *

titre ⇒ Les titres de politesse nm

1 (de film, livre, chanson, d'article) title; ( de chapitre) heading; page de titre title page; un autre titre pour un article another title for an article; donner un titre à to give [sth] a title [livre, article, film]; au titre évocateur/de circonstance [film, ouvrage] with an evocative/appropriate title; avoir pour titre to be entitled; sous le titre (de) entitled; ⇒ faux, rôle, sous;

2 Presse headline; les titres de l'actualité the headlines; lire les gros titres to read the headlines;

3 ( rang) title; titre honorifique honorary title; titre mondial world title; titre nobiliaire or de noblesse title; pr étendre au titre de… to aspire to the title of…; le titre de comte/ministre/docteur/champion du monde the title of count/minister/doctor/world champion; défendre son titre [sportif] to defend one's title; donner à qn le titre de to address sb as; elle a le titre de docteur en linguistique she's got a doctorate in linguistics; le titre d'ingénieur the status of qualified engineer; en titre [professeur, directeur] titular; [fournisseur] appointed; [maîtresse, rival] official; [chef d'orchestre] resident; [acteur, danseur] regular; champion du monde en titre world title holder; titres universitaires ( diplômes) university qualifications; promotion sur titre promotion on the basis of one's qualifications; ils n'ont pas droit au titre de réfugié(s) they have no right to refugee status; revendiquer le titre de résistant to claim the status of a resistance fighter;

4 ( motif) à juste titre quite rightly; à plus d'un titre in many respects; à titre d'exemple/de précaution as an example/a precaution; à titre expérimental/de comparaison by way of experiment/of comparison; à titre définitif/provisoire on a permanent/temporary basis; à titre privé in a private capacity; à titre gracieux or gratuit free; à titre onéreux for a fee; participer à qch à titre officiel/personnel to take part in sth in an official/a private capacity; à titre indicatif as a rough guide; ce prix n'est donné qu'à titre indicatif or d'indication this price is only a guideline; à quel titre a-t-il été invité? why was he invited?; au même titre que vous in the same capacity as yourself; elle a, à ce titre, rencontré le président she met the president in that capacity; à double titre on two counts; au titre de l'aide économique in economic aid; somme déduite au titre de frais de représentation sum deducted as representing entertainment expenses; perçu au titre de droits d'auteur received as royalties;

5 Jur ( document) deed; ( subdivision de livre) title;

6 Fin ( valeur) security; titre au porteur bearer security; titre nominatif registered security; titre de placement investment security;

7 Écon item; titre budgétaire budgetary item;

8 Chimie titre^GB;

9 Vin ( de vins et spiritueux) strength;

10 ( de métal précieux) fineness.

Composés

titre courant Édition running title; titre de créance proof of debt; titre ecclésiastique ecclesiastical title; titre de gloire claim to fame; titre participatif non-voting share (in public sector companies); titre de participation equity share; titre de propriété title deed; titre de saisie distraining order; titre de transport ticket; titre universel de paiement, TUP universal payment order.

[titr] nom masculin

A.

1. [d'un roman, d'un poème] title

[d'un chapitre] title, heading

2. IMPRIMERIE

titre courant running title

grand titre full title

(page de) titre title page

3. PRESSE headline

titre sur cinq colonnes à la une five column front page headline

les gros titres the main headlines

faire les gros titres des quotidiens to hit ou to make the front page of the daily newspapers

B.

1. [désignation d'un rang, d'une dignité] title

porter un titre to have a title, to be titled

porter le titre de duc to have the title of duke

un titre de noblesse ou nobiliaire a title

avoir des titres de noblesse to be titled

2. [nom de charge, de grade] qualification

conférer le titre de docteur à quelqu'un to confer the title of doctor on ou upon somebody

3. SPORT title

mettre son titre en jeu to risk one's title

C.

1. [certificat] credentials

voici les titres à présenter à l'appui de votre demande the following documents must accompany your application

décliner ses titres universitaires to list one's academic ou university qualifications

recruter sur titres to recruit on the basis of (paper) qualifications

titre de pension pension book

titre de permission (leave) pass

titre de transport ticket

2. (figuré)

son titre de gloire est d'avoir introduit l'informatique dans l'entreprise his proudest achievement is to have computerized the company

3. BANQUE (transferable) security

avance sur titres advance on ou against securities

titre universel de paiement payment slip formerly used to settle bills

4. BOURSE [certificat] certificate

[valeur] security

les titres securities, bonds

titre nominatif registered bond

titre au porteur

a. [action] bearer share

b. [obligation] floater ou bearer security

5. DROIT title

titre de propriété title deed, document of title

juste titre good title

6. FINANCE

titre budgétaire ≃ budget item (one of the seven categories into which public spending is divided in the French budget)

D.

1. JOAILLERIE fineness, titre (terme spécialisé)

le titre des monnaies d'or et d'argent est fixé par la loi the precious metal content of gold and silver coins is determined by law

2. PHARMACIE titre

3. TEXTILES count

E. [locutions]

à titre amical as a friend

à titre consultatif in an advisory capacity

à titre d'essai on a trial basis

à titre exceptionnel exceptionally

à titre privé/professionnel in a private/professional capacity

décoration attribuée à titre posthume posthumous award

à titre provisoire on a provisional basis

présidence accordée à titre honorifique honorary title of president

à titre gracieux free of charge, without charge

à titre onéreux for a fee ou consideration

à titre de [en tant que]: consulter quelqu'un à titre d'ami to consult somebody as a friend

demander une somme à titre d'avance to ask for some money by way of an advance

à titre d'exemple by way of an example, as an example

à titre indicatif for information only

à quel titre?

a. [en vertu de quel droit] in what capacity?

b. [pour quelle raison] on what grounds?

à quel titre vous occupez-vous de ses affaires?

a. [généralement] in what capacity are you looking after his affairs?

b. [avec irritation] who told you you could ou who gave you permission to look after his affairs?

————————

à aucun titre locution adverbiale

on no account

il n'est à aucun titre mon ami he is no friend of mine

————————

à ce titre locution adverbiale

[pour cette raison] for this reason, on this account

l'accord est signé et à ce titre je suis satisfait the agreement has been signed and for this reason I am satisfied

————————

à de nombreux titres locution adverbiale,

à divers titres locution adverbiale

for several reasons, on more than one account

je me félicite à plus d'un titre du résultat de ces négociations I have more than one reason to be pleased with the outcome of these negotiations

à juste titre locution adverbiale

[préférer] understandably, rightly

[croire] correctly, justly, rightly

elle s'est emportée, (et) à juste titre she lost her temper and understandably ou rightly so

à plus d'un titre

→ link=àà de nombreux titres

————————

au même titre locution adverbiale

for the same reasons

elle a obtenu une prime, j'en réclame une au même titre she got a bonus, I think I should have one too for the same reasons

————————

au même titre que locution conjonctive

for the same reasons as

je proteste au même titre que mon voisin I protest for the same reasons as my neighbour

————————

en titre locution adjectivale

1. ADMINISTRATION titular

2. [officiel - fournisseur, marchand] usual, appointed

le fournisseur en titre de la cour de Hollande the official ou appointed supplier to the Dutch Court

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > titre

15 Lieb

I Adj.

1. (liebevoll) Brief, Worte: kind; (gütig) kind, good; in Briefen: ( viele) liebe Grüße (much) love (an + Akk to); sei so lieb und... would you be so kind as to..., would you be a dear ( oder do me a favo[u]r) and...; sei so lieb could you?, do you mind?; das ist lieb von dir that’s very kind ( stärker: sweet) of you; lieb sein zu be kind ( oder nice) to

2. (nett, freundlich) nice; (goldig) sweet; er / sie ist ein lieber Kerl he’s / she’s a dear; ein liebes Ding a darling, a sweetie umg.; er hat eine liebe Frau his wife is a dear; sie hat ein liebes Gesicht she has a sweet face

3. (brav) good; sei ( schön) lieb! be good!; warst du auch lieb? have you been a good boy ( Mädchen: girl) ?

4. (geschätzt, geliebt) dear; die liebe Sonne scheint wieder the good old sun has come out again; alles, was ihr lieb war all that was dear to her; diese alte Uhr ist mir lieb und teuer this old clock is very precious (to me); wenn dir dein Leben lieb ist if you value your life; lieb behalten still be fond of; lieb gewinnen grow fond of, come to like; lieb haben like; stärker: love; lieb geworden cherished; ein mir liebes Fleckchen a place I have come to cherish ( oder have grown very fond of); lieber Herr N. im Brief: Dear Mr ( oder Mr.) N; in der Anrede: liebe Anwesende, meine lieben Anwesenden etwa ladies and gentlemen; liebe Gemeinde, liebe Schwestern und Brüder KIRCHL. dear brothers and sisters in Christ; mein lieber Mann! umg. I tell you!; das liebe Geld umg. the wretched money; bisschen II, Himmel 4, Gott, Not 3, Schwan, Tag1 2 etc.

5. (angenehm, willkommen) welcome; lieber Besuch welcome visitor(s); das ist mir gar nicht lieb I don’t like this at all; es wäre mir lieb, wenn... I’d appreciate it ( oder be glad) if...; mehr, als ihm lieb ist more than he really wants; lieber, liebst...

II Adv.

1. (liebevoll) lovingly, fondly; (freundlich) kindly; (nett) nicely; (zärtlich) tenderly; (sanft) gently; jemanden lieb behandeln be really nice to s.o.; er hat es so lieb hergerichtet etc. he took such a lot of care over it

2. (brav) er / sie hat es ganz lieb aufgegessen he / she ate it all up like a good boy / girl

III substantivisch: mein Lieber! Frau an Mann: my dear; Mann an Mann: my dear fellow; meine Liebe! my dear (girl); meine Lieben my dears; meine Lieben! dear people!; Liebes Anrede: (my) love; etwas Liebes something nice; jemandem etwas Liebes tun oder erweisen do s.o. a favo(u)r, be very kind to s.o.; kann ich dir irgendetwas Liebes tun? is there anything I can do for you?; Liebste(r)

* * *

dear; kind; expensive; good; nice; sweet

* * *
[liːp]
1. adj

1) (= liebenswürdig, hilfsbereit) kind; (= nett, reizend) nice; (= niedlich) Kerl(chen), Ding sweet, lovely, cute (inf); (= artig) Kind, Schulklasse good

(es sendet dir) (viele) líébe Grüße deine Silvia — love Silvia

líébe Grüße an deine Eltern — give my best wishes to your parents

würdest du ( bitte) so líéb sein und das Fenster aufmachen or das Fenster aufzumachen?, sei bitte so líéb und mache das Fenster auf — would you do me a favour (Brit) or favor (US) or (would you) be an angel (inf) and open the window?

willst du wohl ( endlich) líéb sein?! — are you going to be good or to behave now?

bei jdm líéb Kind sein (pej) — to be sb's (little) darling or pet

beim Lehrer líéb Kind sein (pej) — to be teacher's pet

sich bei jdm líéb Kind machen (pej) — to suck up to sb, to worm one's way into sb's good books

2) Gast, Besuch (= angenehm) pleasant; (= willkommen) welcome

bei uns bist du jederzeit ein líéber Gast — you're always welcome, we're always pleased to see you

3)

(= angenehm) etw ist jdm líéb — sb likes sth

es wäre mir líéb, wenn... — I'd be glad if..., I'd like it if...

es ist mir líéb, dass... — I'm glad that...

es wäre ihm líéber — he would prefer it

See:

→ auch lieber

4) (= geliebt, geschätzt) dear, beloved (iro, form); (in Briefanrede) dear

líébe Monika, das geht doch nicht — (my) dear Monika, that's just not on

líébe Brüder und Schwestern (Rel) — dearly beloved

der líébe Gott — the Good Lord

líéber Gott (Anrede) — dear God or Lord

unsere Liebe Frau (Eccl) — Our Lady

Liebe Anna, líéber Klaus!... — Dear Anna and Klaus,...

(mein) Liebes — (my) love or pet, honey (esp US)

er ist mir líéb und wert or teuer — he's very dear to me

líéb geworden — well-loved; Klischee much-loved

eine mir líéb gewordene Gewohnheit — a habit of which I've grown very fond

den líében langen Tag (inf) — the whole livelong day

das líébe Geld! — the money, the money!

(ach) du líéber Himmel/líéber Gott/líébe Güte/líébe Zeit/líébes Lieschen or Lottchen/líébes bisschen (inf) — good heavens or Lord!, goodness me!

See:

→ Not

5)

líébste(r, s) — favourite (Brit), favorite (US)

sie ist mir die Liebste von allen — she is my favourite (Brit) or favorite (US)

2. adv

1) (= liebenswürdig) danken, grüßen sweetly, nicely

jdm líéb schreiben — to write a sweet letter to sb

jdn líéb beschenken — to give sb a sweet present

sich líéb um jdn kümmern — to be very kind to sb

er hat mir wirklich líéb geholfen — it was really sweet the way he helped me

2) (= artig) nicely

geh jetzt líéb nach Hause — be a sweetie, go home

* * *

(very lovable: He is such a dear little boy.) dear

* * *

lieb

[li:p]

I. adj

1. (liebevoll) kind, nice (zu + dat to)

sei so \lieb und... would you be so good [or kind] and [or as to]..., would you be a dear and...

seien Sie so \lieb und... would you be so good [or kind] and [or as to]...

das war nicht gerade \lieb von dir! that wasn't very kind [or nice] of you!; s.a. Gruß

2. (liebenswert) nice, likeable; Kind, Tier a. sweet, cute

3. (brav) good, nice

sei jetzt \lieb/sei ein \liebes Kind! be a good boy/girl!

4. (geschätzt) dear, beloved

Ihre \liebe Frau your dear wife

\liebste Mutter my dearest mother

\liebe Anwesende! ladies and gentlemen!

\liebe Kollegen! colleagues!

L\lieber Karl, \liebe Amelie! (in Briefen) Dear Karl and Amelie,

meine L\liebe/mein L \lieber my dear girl/man [or fam fellow] [or dated boy] [ or esp BRIT dated fam chap]

[mein] L\liebes [my] love, darling

jdn \lieb behalten (mögen) to be still fond of sb; (lieben) to still love sb

[ach] du \liebes bisschen! (fam) good heavens [or Lord]!, goodness [gracious] [me]!

das \liebe Geld (iron) damned money fam

jdn/etw \lieb gewinnen to grow fond of sb/sth

\lieb geworden:

\lieb gewordene Freunde friends one has grown very fond of

der \liebe Gott the good Lord

jdn \lieb haben (mögen) to be fond of sb; (lieben) to love sb

man muss ihn einfach \lieb haben it's impossible not to like him

jdm \lieb und teuer [o wert] sein to be very dear to sb

die \lieben Verwandten (iron) one's dear relations a. iron

wenn jdm etw \lieb ist,... if sb values sth...

5. (angenehm) welcome, pleasant

solche \liebe Gäste wie heute such pleasant guests like today

... als jdm \lieb ist... than sb likes

es waren mehr Leute, als mir \lieb war there were too many people for my liking

früher, als euch \lieb ist earlier than you've bargained for

am \liebsten best [or most] [of all]

ich mag Vollmilchschokolade am \liebsten my favourite is milk chocolate

\lieb geworden:

\lieb gewordene Gewohnheiten habits one has come to appreciate

je..., je \lieb:

je größer/kleiner, je \lieber the bigger/smaller the better

je mehr, je \lieber the more the merrier

▪ jd/etw ist jdm \lieb sb welcomes [or appreciates] sb/sth, sb is grateful for sth

das wäre mir gar nicht/weniger \lieb I'd much rather/I'd rather you didn't [do it]

▪ es ist jdm \lieb, wenn... sb appreciates it [or is grateful] when...

es wäre mir \lieber, wenn du nicht hingehst I would prefer you not to go; s.a. lieber

II. adv

1. (liebenswürdig) kindly; (stärker) lovingly

2. (liebenswert) sweetly, cutely

3. (artig) nicely; Kind a. [as] good as gold

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) (liebevoll) kind <words, gesture>

viele liebe Grüße [an... (Akk.)] — much love [to...] (coll.)

das ist lieb von dir — it's sweet of you

2) (liebenswert) likeable; nice; (stärker) lovable, sweet <child, girl, pet>

seine Frau/ihr Mann ist sehr lieb — his wife/her husband is a dear

3) (artig) good, nice <child, dog>

sei schön lieb! — be a good girl/boy!

sich bei jemandem lieb Kind machen — (ugs. abwertend) get on the right side of somebody

4) (geschätzt) dear

sein liebstes Spielzeug — his favourite toy

liebe Karola, lieber Ernst! — (am Briefanfang) dear Karola and Ernst

lieber Gott — dear God

der liebe Gott — the Good Lord

wenn dir dein Leben lieb ist,... — if you value your life...

eine lieb gewordene Gewohnheit ablegen — give up a habit of which one has grown very fond

das liebe Geld — (iron.) the wretched money

den lieben langen Tag — (ugs.) all the livelong day

meine Lieben — (Familie) my people; my nearest and dearest (joc.); (als Anrede) [you] good people; (an Familie usw.) my dears

meine Liebe — my dear; (herablassend) my dear woman/girl

mein Lieber — (Mann an Mann) my dear fellow; (Frau/Mann an Jungen) my dear boy; (Frau an Mann) my dear man

liebe Mitbürgerinnen und Mitbürger! — fellow citizens

liebe Kinder/Freunde! — children/friends

lieb Gemeinde, liebe Schwestern und Brüder! — (christl. Kirche) dearly beloved

[ach] du liebe Güte od. liebe Zeit od. lieber Himmel od. liebes bisschen! — (ugs.) (erstaunt) good grief!; good heavens!; [good] gracious!; (entsetzt) good grief!; heavens above!

mit jemandem/etwas seine liebe Not haben — have no end of trouble with somebody/something

5) (angenehm) welcome

es wäre mir lieb/lieber, wenn... — I should be glad or should like it/should prefer it if...

am liebsten wäre mir, ich könnte heute noch abreisen — I should like it best if I could leave today

wir hatten mehr Schnee, als mir lieb war — we had too much snow for my liking

6)

jemanden/etwas lieb gewinnen — grow fond of somebody/something

jemanden lieb haben — love somebody; (gern haben) be fond of somebody
2.
adverbial

1) (liebenswert) kindly

das hast du aber lieb gesagt — you 'did put that nicely

2) (artig) nicely

* * *

Lieb n; -s, kein pl; poet beloved

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) (liebevoll) kind <words, gesture>

viele liebe Grüße [an... (Akk.)] — much love [to...] (coll.)

das ist lieb von dir — it's sweet of you

2) (liebenswert) likeable; nice; (stärker) lovable, sweet <child, girl, pet>

seine Frau/ihr Mann ist sehr lieb — his wife/her husband is a dear

3) (artig) good, nice <child, dog>

sei schön lieb! — be a good girl/boy!

sich bei jemandem lieb Kind machen — (ugs. abwertend) get on the right side of somebody

4) (geschätzt) dear

sein liebstes Spielzeug — his favourite toy

liebe Karola, lieber Ernst! — (am Briefanfang) dear Karola and Ernst

lieber Gott — dear God

der liebe Gott — the Good Lord

wenn dir dein Leben lieb ist,... — if you value your life...

eine lieb gewordene Gewohnheit ablegen — give up a habit of which one has grown very fond

das liebe Geld — (iron.) the wretched money

den lieben langen Tag — (ugs.) all the livelong day

meine Lieben — (Familie) my people; my nearest and dearest (joc.); (als Anrede) [you] good people; (an Familie usw.) my dears

meine Liebe — my dear; (herablassend) my dear woman/girl

mein Lieber — (Mann an Mann) my dear fellow; (Frau/Mann an Jungen) my dear boy; (Frau an Mann) my dear man

liebe Mitbürgerinnen und Mitbürger! — fellow citizens

liebe Kinder/Freunde! — children/friends

lieb Gemeinde, liebe Schwestern und Brüder! — (christl. Kirche) dearly beloved

[ach] du liebe Güte od. liebe Zeit od. lieber Himmel od. liebes bisschen! — (ugs.) (erstaunt) good grief!; good heavens!; [good] gracious!; (entsetzt) good grief!; heavens above!

mit jemandem/etwas seine liebe Not haben — have no end of trouble with somebody/something

5) (angenehm) welcome

es wäre mir lieb/lieber, wenn... — I should be glad or should like it/should prefer it if...

am liebsten wäre mir, ich könnte heute noch abreisen — I should like it best if I could leave today

wir hatten mehr Schnee, als mir lieb war — we had too much snow for my liking

6)

jemanden/etwas lieb gewinnen — grow fond of somebody/something

jemanden lieb haben — love somebody; (gern haben) be fond of somebody
2.
adverbial

1) (liebenswert) kindly

das hast du aber lieb gesagt — you 'did put that nicely

2) (artig) nicely

* * *

adj.

dear adj.

good adj.

nice adj. adv.

fondly adv.

gently adv.

lovingly adv.

tenderly adv.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Lieb

16 metal

1. noun
Metall, das
2. adjective
Metall-

be metal — aus Metall sein
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll- (Brit.): (surface) schottern [Straße]

* * *
['metl]
noun, adjective

1) ((of) any of a group of substances, usually shiny, that can conduct heat and electricity and can be hammered into shape, or drawn out in sheets, bars etc: Gold, silver and iron are all metals.) das Metall

2) ((of) a combination of more than one of such substances: Brass is a metal made from copper and zinc.) die Metalllegierung

•

- academic.ru/46413/metallic">metallic

* * *

met·al

[ˈmet^əl, AM -t̬^əl]

I. n

1. (material) Metall nt

precious \metal Edelmetall nt

2. BRIT RAIL ( form)

▪ \metals Schienen pl

II. adj inv aus Metall nach n

* * *
['metl]
1. n

1) Metall nt; (Brit on road) Schotter m

2) pl (RAIL) Schienen pl

3) (MUS: heavy metal) Heavy Metal nt

2. vt (Brit)
road beschottern
metalled road — Asphaltstraße f (mit Schotterunterbau)

* * *

metal [ˈmetl]

A s

1. CHEM, MINER Metall n

2. TECH

a) Nichteisenmetall n

b) Metalllegierung f, besonders Typen-, Geschützmetall n

c) Gussmetall n:

brittle ( oder red) metal Rotguss m, Tombak m;

fine metal Weiß-, Feinmetall;

gray (bes Br grey) metal graues Gusseisen;

rolled metal Walzblech n

3. TECH

a) (Metall)König m, Regulus m, Korn n

b) Lech m, (Kupfer)Stein m:

metal of lead Bleistein

4. Bergbau: Schieferton m

5. TECH (flüssige) Glasmasse

6. SCHIFF (Zahl der) Geschütze pl

7. pl BAHN Br Schienen pl, G(e)leise pl:

the train ran off ( oder left, jumped) the metals der Zug sprang aus den Schienen oder entgleiste

8. Heraldik: Metall n (Gold- und Silberfarbe)

9. Straßenbau: Br obs Beschotterung f, Schotter m

10. Material n, Stoff m

11. → mettle

B v/t prät und pperf -aled, besonders Br -alled

1. mit Metall bedecken oder versehen

2. Straßenbau: Br obs beschottern

C adj Metall…, metallen, aus Metall (angefertigt)

* * *
1. noun
Metall, das
2. adjective
Metall-

be metal — aus Metall sein
3. transitive verb,
(Brit.) - ll- (Brit.): (surface) schottern [Straße]

* * *

adj.

metall adj. n.

Metall -e n.

English-german dictionary > metal

17 metal

['metl]
noun, adjective

1) ((of) any of a group of substances, usually shiny, that can conduct heat and electricity and can be hammered into shape, or drawn out in sheets, bars etc: Gold, silver and iron are all metals.) kovina

2) ((of) a combination of more than one of such substances: Brass is a metal made from copper and zinc.) kovina

•

- metallic

* * *
I [metl]
noun

metal, kovina; taljeno steklo; nautical topovi, število topov; military oklopna vozila; British English plural tračnice, tir; gramoz (za ceste)

brittle ( —ali red) metal — tombak, rdeča med

fine metal — bela kovina

gray metal — sivi grodelj

precious (base) metal — žlahtna (nežlahtna) kovina

rolled metal — valjana pločevina

weight of metal — moč naenkrat izstreljenih topov na ladji

to run off the metals, to leave the metals — iztiriti se (vlak)

figuratively to be made of fine metal — biti značajen

figuratively to carry heavy metal — biti dobro oborožen, biti dobro podkovan v čem
II [metl]
transitive verb

obložiti s kovino; nasuti cesto (progo) z gramozom

English-Slovenian dictionary > metal

См. также в других словарях:

Precious — Pre cious, a. [OF. precious, precius, precios, F. pr[ e]cieux, L. pretiosus, fr. pretium price, worth, value. See {Price}.] 1. Of great price; costly; as, a precious stone. The precious bane. Milton. [1913 Webster] 2. Of great value or worth;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Precious metals — Precious Pre cious, a. [OF. precious, precius, precios, F. pr[ e]cieux, L. pretiosus, fr. pretium price, worth, value. See {Price}.] 1. Of great price; costly; as, a precious stone. The precious bane. Milton. [1913 Webster] 2. Of great value or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Precious stones — Precious Pre cious, a. [OF. precious, precius, precios, F. pr[ e]cieux, L. pretiosus, fr. pretium price, worth, value. See {Price}.] 1. Of great price; costly; as, a precious stone. The precious bane. Milton. [1913 Webster] 2. Of great value or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Precious metal — A precious metal is a rare metallic chemical element of high economic value. Chemically, the precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high luster, are softer or more ductile, and have higher melting points than other metals.… … Wikipedia

gold processing — Introduction preparation of the ore for use in various products. For thousands of years the word gold has connoted something of beauty or value. These images are derived from two properties of gold, its colour and its chemical stability.… … Universalium

Gold (disambiguation) — Gold is a highly sought after precious metal that for many centuries has been used as money.Gold may also refer to:Business* Barrick Gold, the largest gold mining company in the world * Gold s Gym, international chain of fitness centers… … Wikipedia

Gold — (g[=o]ld), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gul[thorn], Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. [root]49, 234. See {Yellow}, and cf. {Gild}, v. t.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Chem.) A metallic… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Gold amalgam — Gold Gold (g[=o]ld), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gul[thorn], Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. [root]49, 234. See {Yellow}, and cf. {Gild}, v. t.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Chem.) A… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Gold beater — Gold Gold (g[=o]ld), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gul[thorn], Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. [root]49, 234. See {Yellow}, and cf. {Gild}, v. t.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Chem.) A… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Gold beater's skin — Gold Gold (g[=o]ld), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gul[thorn], Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. [root]49, 234. See {Yellow}, and cf. {Gild}, v. t.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Chem.) A… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Gold beetle — Gold Gold (g[=o]ld), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gul[thorn], Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. [root]49, 234. See {Yellow}, and cf. {Gild}, v. t.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Chem.) A… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

more precious than gold

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

more precious than gold

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: